Table 3.
Hospital-acquired Bacterial Infections that Occur in Patients with COVID-19
| Refs | Setting | No. of patients | Incidence of bacterial HAI | Median days of HAI from admission | Type of infection | Risk factors for hospital-acquired infection in multivariate models | Mortality: HAI vs. no secondary infection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [47] | Georgia, USA (1 hospital) | 1565 | 3.7% (85% bacterial) | NR | PNA 48% BSI 38% UTI 12% |
Tocilizumab; corticosteroids; hydroxychloroquine AKI requiring dialysis |
40.7% vs. 11.8% (P <0.001) |
| [15] | Barcelona, Spain (1 hospital) | 989 | 3.8% | 11 | PNA 34% BSI 36% UTI 27% |
NR | 18.6% vs. 9.4% (P = 0.047) |
| [48] | Milan, Italy (1 hospital) | 731 | 9.3% | 12 | BSI 72% PNA 28% |
Baseline lymphopenia; hypoxia on admission; ICU admission in first 48 h |
NR |
| [49] | Pisa, Italy (1 hospital) | 315 | 21.9% | 19 | BSI 40% UTI 28% PNA 26% |
CRE intestinal colonization; mechanical ventilation; IL-6 or JAK inhibitors; elevated CRP; piperacillin-tazobactam |
18.8% vs. 23.2% (P = 0.45) |
| [50] | Huangshi, China (1 hospital) | 212 | 14.6% | NR | PNA 39% UTI 32% BSI 23% |
Urinary catheterization; leukocytosis; elevated PCT |
NR |
| [20] | Hong Kong (2 hospitals) | 147 | 5.4% | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| [30] | Munich, Germany (1 hospital) | 140 | 7.1% (BSI only) | NR | PNA 67% BSI 33% |
NR | NR |
| [51] | Madrid, Spain (1 hospital) | 140 (ICU patients only) | 38.6% | 9 | BSI 56% PNA 33% UTI 8% |
APACHE II score | 54% vs. 24% (P <0.001) |
| [22] | Paris, France (1 hospital) | 101 (ICU patients only) | 47.5% | 8 | NR | NR | NR |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; BSI, bloodstream infection; CRP, C-reactive protein; HAI, hospital-acquired infection; ICU, intensive care unit; IL-6, interleukin-6; JAK, Janus-associated kinase; No., number; NR, not reported; PCT, procalcitonin; PNA, pneumonia; UTI, urinary-tract infection.