Fig. 2.

Directed differentiation protocols to generate human-induced pluripotent stem cell–derived kidney organoids. The similarities and the differences between the four protocols to generate human kidney organoids are visualized. Each visualized protocol includes the timescale in days, the stage of the organoid development, and the supplemented factors to drive the directed differentiation and the maturation of the organoids. The protocols of Taguchi et al. and Takasato et al. resulted in organoids on Transwell membranes. Morizane et al. enabled the generation of the kidney organoids in 96-well plates and Freedman et al. in a Matrigel sandwich approach