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. 2020 Oct 9;99(4):477–487. doi: 10.1007/s00109-020-01983-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Application of kidney organoids: towards a bench-to-bedside translation. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be derived from humans to create (patient specific) kidney organoids. In this process, it is also possible to introduce a genetic modification as disease model or to test genetic therapies. The obtained kidney organoids can be placed in hydrogels and/or organ-on-a-chip platforms in order to create higher resemblance to the in vivo situation. The kidney organoids can be applied as developmental models to unveil novel insights in nephrogenesis and subsequently enable the generation of improved kidney organoid models. Disease models can be created by either genetic modification or by exposure to certain compounds known to induce disease. These disease models can also be used in efforts to create novel therapies. Kidney organoids also provide a valuable platform to perform drug screening and toxicity test in large scales. Finally, kidney organoids can contribute to the ultimate goal of recreating a functioning kidney de novo in regenerative medicine