Table 1.
Patient characteristics (per protocol analysis set)
| Parameter | C/T (n = 749) |
E (n = 747) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic parameters | ||
| Sex, n (%) | ||
| Female | 393 (52.5) | 375 (50.2) |
| Male | 356 (47.5) | 372 (49.8) |
| Age (years) | 70 ± 10 | 70 ± 10 |
| Weight (kg) | 79 ± 17 | 81 ± 18 |
| Height (cm) | 170 ± 9 | 170 ± 9 |
| ASA, n (%) | ||
| II | 426 (56.9) | 451 (60.4) |
| III | 315 (42.1) | 290 (38.8) |
| IV | 8 (1.1) | 6 (0.8) |
| General anesthesia, initial medication | ||
| Initial dose of propofol (mg/kg) | 2.09 ± 0.65 | 2.06 ± 0.57 |
| Initial dose of opioid equivalents (μg/kg) | 3.41 ± 1.41 | 3.34 ± 1.26 |
| Patients with antihypertensive drugs not withdrawn prior to surgery, n (%) | ||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 375 (50.1) | 404 (54.1) |
| Beta blocking agents | 220 (29.4) | 274 (36.7) |
| Alpha and beta blocking agents | 18 (2.4) | 8 (1.1) |
| Alpha blocking agents | 29 (3.9) | 31 (4.2) |
| ACE-inhibitors/AT‑2 antagonists/renin-inhibitors | 185 (24.7) | 175 (23.4) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||
| Circulatory system disease | 538 (71.8) | 582 (77.9) |
| Hypertension | 497 (66.4) | 545 (73.0) |
| Left ventricular heart failure | 73 (9.7) | 81 (10.8) |
| Right ventricular heart failure | 2 (0.3) | 5 (0.7) |
| Hemodynamic monitoring, n (%) | ||
| Non-invasive | 684 (91.3) | 650 (87.0) |
| Invasive | 65 (8.7) | 97 (13.0) |
| Hypotensive episodes, n (%) | ||
| Before the start of surgery (cut), n (%) | 643 (85.8) | 665 (89.0) |
| After the start of surgery (cut), n (%) | 87 (11.6) | 70 (9.4) |
| Median (Q1; Q3) time between anesthesia induction and diagnosis of hypotension (minutes) |
14.0 (Q1: 6; Q3: 24) |
12.0 (Q1: 6, Q3: 22) |
| Time until surgery (cut) (min) | 37.9 ± 19.2 | 35.2 ± 16.5 |
| Beginning of surgery (cut) during observation period (up to 15 min after application), n (%) | 256 (39.1) | 294 (43.6) |
| Presumed causes of hypotension, n (%) | ||
| Medically induced | 379 (50.6) | 394 (52.7) |
| Depth of anesthesia | 254 (33.9) | 248 (33.2) |
| Hypovolemia | 49 (6.5) | 72 (9.6) |
| Intraoperative positioning leading to a redistribution of blood volume | 45 (6.0) | 22 (2.9) |
| Other reasons | 15 (2.0) | 6 (0.8) |
| Hemodynamic parameters | ||
| SBP preoperative (mm Hg) | 147 ± 23 | 146 ± 22 |
| DBP preoperative (mm Hg) | 80 ± 13 | 79 ± 13 |
| HR preoperative (beats/min) | 73 ± 13 | 72 ± 12 |
| SBP at time of diagnosis (mm Hg) | 81 ± 13 | 81 ± 12 |
| DBP at time of diagnosis (mm Hg) | 49 ± 10 | 49 ± 9 |
| MAP at time of diagnosis (mm Hg) | 60 ± 10 | 60 ± 9 |
| HR at time of diagnosis (beats/min) | 63 ± 14 | 61 ± 13 |
| Ratio SBP diagnosis/SBP preoperative | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| Targeted increase in SBP (mm Hg) | 26 ± 11 | 23 ± 11 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD unless stated otherwise
ACE angiotensin-converting-enzyme, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, AT‑2 antagonist angiotensin II receptor antagonist, C/T cafedrine/theodrenaline, DBP diastolic blood pressure, E ephedrine, HR heart rate, MAP mean arterial pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation