Figure 1 – Characterization of PPARγ expression in UC.

(A) PPARG mRNA expression in superficial bladder carcinoma and healthy bladder tissue from the Sanchez-Carbayo dataset. Bladder epithelium: n = 48, Superficial bladder carcinoma: n = 28, Fold change: 15.9, p = 3.72e⁻¹⁹ (Oncomine). (B) RXRA mRNA expression in superficial bladder carcinoma and healthy bladder tissue from the same Sanchez-Carbayo dataset. Bladder epithelium: n = 48, Superficial bladder carcinoma: n = 28, Fold change: 3.264, p = 9.05e⁻¹³ (Oncomine). (C) Subdivision of nuclear PPARγ expression in primary UC tumors in tissue array of 59 primary UC tumors and healthy bladder tissue, assessed by immunostaining. (D) High-magnification images of UC with strong PPARγ staining, low/negative PPARγ staining, and healthy bladder epithelium. Scale bar = 100 μm. (E) Quantification of PPARγ nuclear staining intensity (Diaminobenzidine [DAB] intensity) in primary UC tumors. (F) PPARG mRNA expression patterns across human cancer cell lines documented by the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. **** (p < 0.0001), * (p < 0.05). Unpaired student t-test. Black asterisks represent p values for comparison between healthy bladder tissue and UC.