Table 3.

Associations of Significant Baseline Left Ventricular Parameters with Incident Left Ventricular Adverse Geometry^*, Ejection Fraction <50%^†, or Diastolic Dysfunction^‡ 25 Years Later, Adjusted^§ for Demographics and Cumulative Risk Factor Burden: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Baseline LV Parameter, per 1 SD||	Adjusted§ Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) for Outcome at 25-Year Follow-Up
	Concentric Remodeling		Concentric Hypertrophy		Eccentric Hypertrophy		Ejection Fraction <50%		Diastolic Dysfunction
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Outcome N (%)/total N¶	264 (18) / 1445		66 (5) / 1445		72 (5) / 1445		50 (3) / 1613		137 (13) / 1073
ESD/ht	0.68 (0.58–0.80)	0.68 (0.58–0.79)	0.69 (0.53–0.92)	0.69 (0.51–0.91)	1.29 (1.00–1.67)	1.34 (1.02–1.75)	2.54 (1.86–3.46)	2.56 (1.87–3.52)	0.96 (0.79–1.16)	0.97 (0.80–1.19)
Mass/ht2.7	1.06 (0.91–1.24)	1.03 (0.87–1.21)	2.10 (1.58–2.79)	1.63 (1.19–2.24)	2.24 (1.70–2.97)	1.70 (1.25–2.32)	0.83 (0.60–1.14)	0.77 (0.54–1.10)	1.42 (1.18–1.70)	1.24 (1.01–1.52)

Baseline LV variables were selected for inclusion on the basis of statistically significant univariate associations, potential for collinearity, and clinical relevance.

^*LV geometry is a polytomous outcome including: concentric remodeling, defined as RWT≥0.42 without hypertrophy; hypertrophy, defined as LVM/ht^2.7 >51 g/m^2.7 and classified as concentric if RWT≥0.42 and eccentric if RWT<0.42, or normal geometry.

^†Ejection fraction was measured by 2-dimensional imaging in 780 participants; it was measured by M-mode in 834 participants without a 2-dimensional measurement available.

^‡Diastolic dysfunction is defined as more than half of available indicators abnormal from e’, E/e’, left atrial size, and tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity; see text (Methods) for details.

^§Model 1 adjusts for demographics (age, sex, race, educational level) and heart rate at 25-year follow-up. Model 2 additionally adjusts for cumulative clinical risk factor burden from baseline to 20 years later (sum of years at level * level of body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, blood glucose, physical activity, and alcohol intake; and percent of study visits using blood pressure and cholesterol medication).

^||1 SD for ESD/ht and mass/ht^2.7 respectively equals 0.22 cm/m and 7.2 grams/m^2.7 for geometry outcomes, 0.22 cm/m and 8.8 grams/m^2.7 for ejection fraction outcome, and 0.21 cm/m and 7.8 grams/m^2.7 for diastolic dysfunction outcome.

^¶Ns shown are for complete cases analyzed in both Model 1 and Model 2.

E, early diastolic mitral inflow velocity; e’, tissue Doppler myocardial relaxation velocity; ESD, end-systolic dimension; ht, height (meters); LV, left ventricular; M, mass; RWT, relative wall thickness; SD, standard deviation.