Table 2: Immunometabolic pathways in immune cells.

Components of the inflammatory response where ‘inducers, sensors, mediators, effectors, and outcomes’ are associated with specific metabolic processes. Herein, inducers of inflammation activate ‘mediator’ signaling, resulting in modulation of ‘effector’ metabolic pathways and leading to cellular outcomes such as activation, proliferation, and cytokine production.

Cell Type	Inducers	Mediators	Effectors	Outcome	Reference
Activated CD4+ T Cell	CD3/CD28	PI3K/Akt/mTOR ERK/MAPKc-MycHIF-1α	Glycolysis, Mitochondrial OXPHOS	Activation, Proliferation, Cytokine production	7–8, 19–23
Activated Dendritic Cell	PAMPs	PI3K/AktHIF-1α	Glycolysis	Presentation, Cytokine production	7
B Cell	PAMPs	PI3K/Akt	Glycolysis	Activation, Proliferation	7, 20
Memory CD8+ T Cell	IL-15	AMPK	FAO	Survival, Quiescence	7, 24–28
Naive CD4+ T Cell	IL-7	PI3K/Akt	Mitochondrial OXPHOS, FAO	Survival	7–8, 22–23, 28–30
Neutrophil	PAMPs,	HIF-1α	Glycolysis	ROS	7
Resting Dendritic Cell	Growth factors (GM-CSF, FLT3)	-	FAO	Growth, Survival Activation	7, 31–32