Table 1.

Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography PDA protocol

Morphology

PDA: location, size Aortic arch: sidedness, arch anomalies (IAA, coarctation) PA branches: confluent PAs, LPA/RPA stenosis EXCLUDE: RVOTO/LVOTO Any associated CHD

Functional

PDA morphology: shunt size (pulmonary and aortic end), direction (L-R- bidirectional), gradient (mean + peak) Left Heart Volume Loading: LV dimensions (LVEDD), LA dimensions (LA size, LA: Ao ratio), ASD size (flow direction and gradient), Pulmonary artery diastolic flow (Level of MPA, Left branch), Right lower pulmonary vein peak diastolic velocity. Mitral valve inflow VTI. Left Heart Function*: Systolic (LV FS and/or EF) and diastolic (E/A ratio, IVRT) function, left ventricular output (LVO) Systemic Hypoperfusion: Diastolic flow in post-ductal aorta, SMA, celiac, and middle cerebral arteries, LVO: SVC flow ratio

^*LV strain analysis was not assessed in this retrospective study, but can be included in LV functional assessment PDA: patent ductus arteriosus, IAA: interrupted aortic arch, PA: pulmonary artery, LPA: left pulmonary artery, RPA: right pulmonary artery, RVOTO: right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, LVOTO: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, CHD: congenital heart disease, LV: left ventricle, LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic dimension, LA: left atrium, Ao: aortic, ASD: atrial septal defect, MPA: main pulmonary artery, VTI: velocity time integral, FS: fractional shortening, EF: ejection fraction, IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time, LVO: left ventricular output, SMA: superior mesenteric artery, SVC: superior vena cava