Table 3.
Echocardiography markers of hemodynamic significance of PDA in neonates with atrial communication ≤1 mm and >1 mm in size
| Marker | PDA≥1.5mm, AC >1mm (n=107) |
PDA≥1.5mm, AC≤1mm (n=52) |
PDA<1.5mm, AC>1mm (n=23) |
PDA<1.5mm, AC<1mm (n= 17) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDA size (mm)*ǂ | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.2#^ | 1.2 ± 0.3#^ | <0.001 |
| Mitral valve E:A* | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.77 ± 0.2 | ns |
| IVRT (msec)* | 47 ± 13 | 43 ± 9 | 50 ± 11 | 53 ± 12 | ns |
| Pulmonary vein D wave (m/s)* | 0.43 ± 0.14+ | 0.36 ± 0.16 | 0.34 ± 0.1 | 0.34 ± 0.1 | 0.01 |
| Left Ventricular Output (ml/min/kg)* | 237 ± 78+ | 209 ± 74+ | 177 ± 60 | 177 ± 70 | 0.001 |
| LA: Ao ratio, median [IQR] | 1.61 [1.3, 1.8] | 1.52 [1.3, 1.7] | 1.27 [1.1, 1.4]#^ | 1.35 [1.3, 1.4]#^ | <0.001 |
| LVEDD (mm), median [IQR] | 12.7 [11, 14] | 12.3 [11, 14] | 10.4 [9, 12]#^ | 10.8 [10, 12]#^ | 0.001 |
| Ejection Fraction* | 63 ± 7 | 64 ± 8 | 57+ ± 7 | 62 ± 9 | 0.02 |
| Reversed descending aorta diastolic flow | 84 (80)+ | 30 (62)+ | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Reversed celiac artery diastolic flow | 36 (37)+ | 4 (13)+ | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Reversed middle cerebral artery diastolic flow | 38 (42)+ | 6 (21)+ | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
*
Mean, standard deviation, otherwise frequency (percent) unless otherwise noted.
+
Different from all other groups;
#
Different from PDA ≥1.5 mm and AC>1mm group;
^
Different from PDA ≥1.5 mm and AC ≤1 mm group;
ǂ
Includes only infants with PDA (n=12/23 and 10/17 had no PDA in the PDA <1.5 mm, AC >1 mm and PDA <1.5 mm, AC ≤1 mm groups, respectively)
AC: atrial communication, PDA: patent ductus arteriosus, IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time, LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic dimension