Table 6.

Decomposition of direct effect, indirect effect, and total effect.

Explanatory variable	Explained Variable: Perinatal mortality
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Direct effect
Average PM2.5 (log)	2.483**	2.580**
	(1.183)	(1.174)
Max PM2.5 (log)			2.308**	2.194**
			(0.912)	(0.903)
GDP per capita(log)	− 6.360***	− 5.643***	− 6.258***	− 5.512***
	(0.915)	(1.022)	(0.912)	(1.019)
bed_pop	− 0.053*	− 0.044	− 0.054**	− 0.045
	(0.028)	(0.029)	(0.027)	(0.029)
ha_pop	− 0.035	− 0.023	− 0.043	− 0.030
	(0.051)	(0.055)	(0.052)	(0.056)
Urbanization	− 0.001	0.005	− 0.001	0.006
	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.013)
Indirect effect
Average PM2.5 (log)	− 1.960	− 1.885
	(1.509)	(1.601)
Max PM2.5 (log)			− 1.147	− 0.459
			(1.216)	(1.290)
GDP per capita(log)	2.846***	7.716***	2.623***	7.460***
	(0.978)	(1.533)	(0.973)	(1.515)
bed_pop	− 0.031	− 0.169***	− 0.026	− 0.157***
	(0.033)	(0.050)	(0.032)	(0.049)
ha_pop	− 0.075	− 0.349***	− 0.063	− 0.336***
	(0.061)	(0.084)	(0.061)	(0.083)
Urbanization	0.037	0.019	0.036	0.022
	(0.027)	(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.026)
Total effect
lnPM2.5	0.523	0.695
	(0.854)	(0.969)
Max PM2.5 (log)			1.162	1.735*
			(0.803)	(0.892)
GDP per capita(log)	− 3.514***	2.074	− 3.635***	1.948
	(0.411)	(1.610)	(0.399)	(1.581)
bed_pop	− 0.084***	− 0.212***	− 0.080***	− 0.202***
	(0.019)	(0.043)	(0.018)	(0.042)
hs_pop	− 0.109**	− 0.372***	− 0.106**	− 0.365***
	(0.045)	(0.081)	(0.044)	(0.079)
Urbanization	0.036	0.024	0.036	0.028
	(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.026)	(0.026)

Clustered standard in parentheses, *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.