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. 2021 Mar 25;8:644644. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.644644

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Copyright © 2021 Liao, Remington, May and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Transition pathways for (A) PAC1s, (B) PAC1null, (C) VPAC1 and (D) VPAC2 receptors. Stable conformational states are colored in blue, red, green, and orange respectively. Intermediate states are colored in yellow. Most intermediate states are ECD-unrestricted conformations. The VPAC1 conformation in red and the VPAC2 conformation in green also belong to the ECD-unrestricted conformational ensemble. PAC1null is remade from our recent study (Liao et al., 2017). The kinetic transition time between certain conformational states are labeled with units in nanoseconds.