Fig. 4.

Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining of Ishikawa cells treated with (a) 40 μM DHA alone, (b) 20 μM cisplatin alone, or (c) both 40 μM DHA and 20 μM cisplatin for 12 hours to determine association between DHA and autophagy show elevated numbers of MDC-positive autophagosomes, with DHA inducing increased positive MDC staining in cells (MDC staining, × 400). (d) Chart shows number of MDC-positive dots scored in 100 cells (bars represent mean ± standard deviation from three independent measurements). *p < 0.01 was statistically significant when compared to control cells. DHA: dihydroartemisinin