TABLE 1.

Mutations in α- and β-tubulin identified in field-evolved dinitroaniline-resistant plants.

Mutation Site	Organism	Wild type amino acid	Substituted amino acid	References
α-tubulin
125	A. aequalis	Leu	Met	Hashim et al., 2012
136	A. aequalis S. viridis	Leu	Phe	Délye et al., 2004
202	A. aequalis L. rigidum	Val	Phe	Hashim et al., 2012; Fleet et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018b
239	E. indica S. viridis L. rigidum	Thr	Ile	Anthony et al., 1998; Délye et al., 2004; Yamamoto et al., 1998; Fleet et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018b
243	L. rigidum	Arg	Met/Lys	Chu et al., 2018
268	E. indica	Met	Thr	Yamamoto et al., 1998
390 + 442*	L. rigidum	Arg, Asp	Cys, Glu	Chen et al., 2020b
β-tubulin
241	Poa annual L.	Arg	Lys	Lowe et al., 2001

*390 + 442 double mutation confers resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides.