TABLE 1.
Effects of metallic ions on MSCs.
| Ion | Ionic form | Experimental trial | Effects on behaviors | References |
| Silicon | Glass microspheres (BGMs) Silicon-releasable scaffold Composite hydrogel | In vitro In vitro In vitro/vivo | Enhanced the attachment and proliferation of human MSCs Induce and enhance the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs Angiogenesis and adipogenesis | Lei et al., 2011 Obata and Kasuga, 2009 Wang et al., 2018 |
| Calcium | Calcium phosphate composition | In vitro | High mobility of focal adhesion, osteogenesis without induce medium | Muller et al., 2008 |
| Cobalt | Cobalt chloride composition Cobalt chloride composition Cobalt chloride solution | In vitro In vitro In vitro | Increase the chondrogenic markers such as SOX9, COL2A1, VCAN, ACAN Induce neuronal differentiation Enhance migration of MSCs | Teti et al., 2018 Jeon et al., 2014 Yu et al., 2013 |
| Copper | Copper–histidine complex | In vitro | Modify differentiation and proliferation by different concentrations | Rodriguez et al., 2002 |
| Zinc | Zinc-added bioactive glass | In vitro | Induce growth and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs | Oh et al., 2011 |
| Vanadium | Vanadium-loaded collagen scaffold Vanadium-released scaffold | In vitro In vitro/vivo | Adhesion, growth, differentiation Endochondral ossification and angiogenesis in vivo. | Cortizo et al., 2016 Schussler et al., 2017 |
| Strontium | Strontium-ranelate solution Strontium-collagen scaffold | In vitro In vitro/vivo | Osteogenic induction of MSCs at appropriate concentration Enhance osteogenic differentiation and bone formation | Sila-Asna et al., 2007 Yang et al., 2011 |
| Iron | Iron oxide nanoparticles | In vitro | Accelerate cell cycle progression, promote cell growth | Huang et al., 2009 |
| Magnesium | Magnesium-extract solution Magnesium alloys extracts | In vitro In vitro | Cell proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation Enhance proliferation and osteogenic differentiation | Luthringer and Willumeit-Romer, 2016 Li et al., 2014 |
| Silver | Silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles | In vitro In vitro/vivo | Induce MSCs activation at appropriate concentration Promote the proliferation and osteogenesis of MSCs | Greulich et al., 2009 Zhang et al., 2015 |