TABLE 2.

Effects of biomaterials on MSCs.

Category		Effects on behaviors	References
Biophysical	Stiffness	Proliferation	Whitehead et al., 2018
		Spreading	Engler et al., 2006; Wingate et al., 2012
		Differentiation	Du et al., 2011; Shih et al., 2011; Higuchi et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2018
	Stress relaxation	Proliferation	Cameron et al., 2011; Chaudhuri et al., 2016
		Spreading	Cameron et al., 2011; Chaudhuri et al., 2016
		Differentiation	Cameron et al., 2011, 2014; Darnell et al., 2017
	Topography	Proliferation	Zhu et al., 2005; Jahani et al., 2012
		Spreading	McBeath et al., 2004
		Differentiation	McBeath et al., 2004; Kilian et al., 2010; Tang et al., 2010
		Paracrine	Li et al., 2019
	Pore size and porosity	Proliferation	Mygind et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2021
		Differentiation	Mygind et al., 2007; Kasten et al., 2008; Matsiko et al., 2015
		Adhesion	Murphy et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016
		Migration	O’Brien et al., 2007
Biochemical	Growth factor and derivatives	Proliferation	Rodrigues et al., 2010; Sahoo et al., 2010; Khojasteh et al., 2016
		Differentiation	Simmons et al., 2004; Park et al., 2009; Rodrigues et al., 2010; Sahoo et al., 2010; Re’em et al., 2012; Khojasteh et al., 2016; Rao et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020
		Paracrine	Tamama et al., 2010
		Spreading	Fan et al., 2007; Lam and Segura, 2013
		Adhesion	Fan et al., 2007; Qu et al., 2010; Khojasteh et al., 2016
	Small bioactive molecules (nitric oxide)	Immunomodulation	Yao et al., 2015
		Paracrine	Berardi et al., 2011
		Differentiation	Berardi et al., 2011
		Adhesion	Xing et al., 2013
		Proliferation	Xing et al., 2013
	Small bioactive molecules (oxygen level)	Proliferation	Zhou et al., 2014
		Differentiation	Zhou et al., 2014; Tong et al., 2016
		Paracrine	Tong et al., 2016
	Small bioactive molecules (metallic ions)	Table 1
	Genetic regulators (cDNA)	Differentiation	Huang et al., 2005; Meinel et al., 2006; Yau et al., 2007; Lu et al., 2013
		Proliferation	You and Nam, 2013
		Migration	You and Nam, 2013
		Paracrine	Moon et al., 2014
	Genetic regulators (siDNA)	Differentiation	Nagane et al., 2010; Jia et al., 2014
Combined strategy	Mechanical property and polypeptides	Differentiation	Bauer et al., 2017
	Strain and biochemical extract factors	Differentiation	Ge et al., 2009
	3D microenvironment and biochemical extract factors	Differentiation	Yao et al., 2020