Fig. 4. Amino acid substitutions from BUL1 (D334G), YFR018C (L7F), and TIF35 (V272L) were engineered into the ancestral genetic background of S. cerevisiae (“Methods”).

Growth rates were measured for the S. cerevisiae ancestor, the co-culture evolved S. cerevisiae clone E10-1 and the engineered three mutants. Stars indicate a significant difference from the ancestor (Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc t-tests).