Fig. 4.

IL-36 amplification circuit in pustular psoriasis. a Shows the role of the IL-36 autocrine circuit in amplifying inflammation in pustular psoriasis. IL-36 leads to the induction of a number of cytokines and chemokines that drive various aspects of psoriasis, such as neutrophil chemotaxis (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL6, CXCL8), Th17 chemotaxis (CCL20), antimicrobial responses (S100A7, S100A7A, DEFB4, LL-37), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-7, IL-15, IL-17C, IL-19, IL-36). b demonstrates the induction of gene expression via RNA sequencing in human primary keratinocytes upon IL-36 stimulation for 24 h, which again includes genes important for neutrophil infiltration, antimicrobial responses, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and type I interferon responses (MX1, MX2, OASL)