Fig. 2.

Early-life infection with EV-A71 causes typical inflammation but resolves within 2 weeks following infection. A Protocol 1 experimental scheme. Fourteen-day-old newborn mice underwent mock infection or EV-A71 infection through intraperitoneal injection. B The disease scores, C body weights, and D survival rates of mice were monitored every 2 days for 2 weeks following viral infection. Disease scores were defined as follows: 0, healthy; 1, fur loss, wasting, or ruffled fur; 2, limb weakness; 3, paralysis in only 1 limb; 4, paralysis in 2 to 4 limbs; and 5, death. The findings represent pooled data from two independent experiments. E Viral titers in mouse brain and lung tissues were monitored at 1, 3, 5, and 14 days postinfection (d.p.i.) (n = 6–8 mice). F–I Samples were collected from mice that underwent mock infection or EV-A71 infection at 1, 3, and 5 d.p.i. F Airway resistance (Rrs) and G elastane (Ers) levels in response to increasing doses of aerosolized methacholine were calculated using a flexiVent FX system (n = 6–10 mice, **p < 0.01, compared with the mock group by two-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni posttest). H TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in the BALF were determined using ELISA (n = 6–10 mice, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test). I Lung histology. Lung sections were stained with H&E, PAS, or an anti-EV-A71 antibody. The findings represent pooled data from two independent experiments