Fig. 4.

EV-A71-trained macrophages augment HDM-induced inflammation. A Trained immunity experimental scheme. BMDMs were preinfected with EV-A71 with or without inhibitors for 24 h. Following rest for 6 days, the cells were restimulated with HDM for 24 h. B Relative IL-6 and TNF-α production was determined for mock-infected and EV-A71-trained BMDMs (n = 6, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test). C Kinetic changes in lactate production and glucose consumption in cells collected on days 1, 4, and 8 (n = 6, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test). D Relative IL-6 and TNF-α production by cells incubated with increasing concentration of 2-DG (glycolysis inhibitor) was determined (n = 9, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test). The findings represent pooled data from three independent experiments