Fig. 5.

Trained immunity in myeloid cells following EV-A71 infection induces type 2 inflammation upon stimulation with HDM allergen. A–D Alveolar macrophages and BMDMs were harvested from mock-infected and EV-A71–infected mice. The isolated cells were restimulated with HDM for 48 or 72 h ex vivo. A Relative IL-6 and TNF-α production and B M1 and M2 proportions in HDM-stimulated alveolar macrophages from mock-infected and EV-A71–infected mice were determined (n = 6–8 mice, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test). C Relative IL-6 and TNF-α production and D M1 and M2 proportions in HDM-stimulated BMDMs from mock-infected and EV-A71–infected mice were determined (n = 6–8 mice, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test). E Th2 and Th17 cells were evaluated in a coculture system containing naïve T cells and BMDMs from EV-A71–infected asthmatic experimental (protocol 2) study mice (n = 6 mice, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple-comparison test). The findings represent pooled data from two independent experiments