Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure at GWTG-HF Sites by Dual-Eligibility Quintilesa.
| Characteristic | Overall | Quintile 1 (range, 0% to <13.3%) | Quintile 2 (range, 13.3% to <17.4%) | Quintile 3 (range, 17.4% to <23.2%) | Quintile 4 (range, 23.2% to <31.9%) | Quintile 5 (range, 31.9% to 83.3%) | P value | Standard difference for quintile 1 vs quintile 5, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 258 995 | 57 640 | 70 336 | 50 950 | 49 100 | 30 969 | NA | NA |
| Demographic characteristic | ||||||||
| Age, median (range), yb | 81 (74-87) | 82 (75-88) | 81 (74-87) | 80 (73-87) | 80 (73-87) | 80 (72-86) | <.001 | 23.9 |
| Female sex | 137 726 (53.2) | 30 425 (52.8) | 37 066 (52.7) | 26 621 (52.2) | 26 205 (53.4) | 17 409 (56.2) | <.001 | 6.9 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Other (includes UTD)c | 6179 (2.4) | 1196 (2.1) | 1124 (1.6) | 1138 (2.3) | 1396 (2.9) | 1325 (4.3) | <.001 | 88.3 |
| Asian | 3859 (1.5) | 678 (1.2) | 992 (1.4) | 522 (1.0) | 543 (1.1) | 1124 (3.6) | ||
| Hispanic (any race) | 11 871 (4.6) | 1484 (2.6) | 1299 (1.9) | 1473 (2.9) | 2394 (4.9) | 5221 (16.9) | ||
| Black | 26 202 (10.3) | 2975 (5.3) | 5038 (7.3) | 4827 (9.6) | 6354 (13.0) | 7008 (22.7) | ||
| White | 207 504 (81.2) | 49 860 (88.7) | 60 821 (87.8) | 42 539 (84.2) | 38 130 (78.1) | 16 154 (52.4) | ||
| EF, %b | 48 (30-58) | 50 (30-58) | 48 (30-58) | 47 (30-59) | 45 (30-58) | 47 (30-59) | <.001 | 3.8 |
| EF groupsb | ||||||||
| 50-100 | 125 160 (49.6) | 28 887 (51.7) | 34 407 (49.8) | 24 074 (48.4) | 23 223 (48.3) | 14 569 (49.0) | <.001 | 5.9 |
| 41-49 | 24 310 (9.6) | 5342 (9.6) | 6830 (9.9) | 4805 (9.7) | 4498 (9.4) | 2835 (9.5) | ||
| 0-40 | 103 069 (40.8) | 21 629 (38.7) | 27 832 (40.3) | 20 868 (41.9) | 20 383 (42.4) | 12 357 (41.5) | ||
| EF group missing | 6456 (2.5) | 1782 (3.1) | 1267 (1.8) | 1203 (2.4) | 996 (2.0) | 1208 (3.9) | <.001 | 4.4 |
| Medical history | ||||||||
| Atrial flutter or fibrillation | 121 559 (49.0) | 28 968 (52.4) | 33 485 (50.6) | 24 551 (49.3) | 22 272 (47.9) | 12 283 (40.7) | <.001 | 23.6 |
| COPD or asthma | 84 990 (34.3) | 18 202 (33.0) | 22 331 (33.8) | 17 515 (35.1) | 16 544 (35.6) | 10 398 (34.5) | <.001 | 3.3 |
| Diabetes | 104 762 (42.3) | 21 747 (39.4) | 26 645 (40.3) | 21 880 (43.9) | 20 286 (43.6) | 14 204 (47.1) | <.001 | 15.7 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 144 563 (58.3) | 32 355 (58.6) | 39 931 (60.4) | 29 970 (60.1) | 26 861 (57.7) | 15 446 (51.2) | <.001 | 14.8 |
| Hypertension | 204 702 (82.6) | 45 562 (82.5) | 53 421 (80.8) | 41 511 (83.3) | 38 674 (83.1) | 25 534 (84.7) | <.001 | 6.0 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 35 119 (14.2) | 7811 (14.1) | 9553 (14.4) | 7744 (15.5) | 6621 (14.2) | 3390 (11.2) | <.001 | 8.7 |
| CAD | 135 483 (54.7) | 30 049 (54.4) | 36 531 (55.2) | 27 561 (55.3) | 25 897 (55.6) | 15 445 (51.2) | <.001 | 6.3 |
| Prior MI | 52 909 (21.3) | 11 244 (20.4) | 14 224 (21.5) | 10 972 (22.0) | 10 504 (22.6) | 5965 (19.8) | <.001 | 1.4 |
| CVA or TIA | 45 252 (18.3) | 10 028 (18.2) | 12 112 (18.3) | 9470 (19.0) | 8395 (18.0) | 5247 (17.4) | <.001 | 2.0 |
| ICD only | 20 285 (8.2) | 4161 (7.5) | 5878 (8.9) | 4088 (8.2) | 3685 (7.9) | 2473 (8.2) | <.001 | 2.5 |
| Pacemaker | 44 556 (18.0) | 10 798 (19.5) | 12 185 (18.4) | 8853 (17.8) | 7998 (17.2) | 4722 (15.7) | <.001 | 10.2 |
| Valvular heart disease | 56 801 (22.9) | 13 234 (24.0) | 16 454 (24.9) | 11 926 (23.9) | 9855 (21.2) | 5332 (17.7) | <.001 | 15.5 |
| CRT-P | 2858 (1.2) | 727 (1.3) | 694 (1.0) | 564 (1.1) | 571 (1.2) | 302 (1.0) | <.001 | 2.9 |
| CRT-D | 15 364 (6.2) | 3567 (6.5) | 3962 (6.0) | 3217 (6.5) | 3169 (6.8) | 1449 (4.8) | <.001 | 7.2 |
| Smoking | 21 524 (8.4) | 3862 (6.9) | 5495 (8.0) | 4450 (8.8) | 4692 (9.6) | 3025 (9.8) | <.001 | 10.4 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||||
| No. | 455 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | NA | NA |
| No. of beds, median (range)b | 276 (160-432) | 254 (145-379) | 238 (164-432) | 310 (206-458) | 270 (158-417) | 342 (179-482) | .15 | 37.1 |
| Geographic region | ||||||||
| West | 75 (16.5) | 14 (15.4) | 14 (15.4) | 15 (16.5) | 10 (11.0) | 22 (24.2) | .005 | 58.3 |
| South | 152 (33.4) | 25 (27.5) | 25 (27.5) | 29 (31.9) | 39 (42.9) | 34 (37.4) | ||
| Midwest | 111 (24.4) | 31 (34.1) | 28 (30.8) | 28 (30.8) | 14 (15.4) | 10 (11.0) | ||
| Northeast | 117 (25.7) | 21 (23.1) | 24 (26.4) | 19 (20.9) | 28 (30.8) | 25 (27.5) | ||
| Rural location | 40 (9.2) | 2 (2.4) | 6 (6.7) | 11 (12.6) | 10 (11.6) | 11 (12.2) | .08 | 38.7 |
| Teaching status | 271 (63.9) | 49 (55.1) | 54 (62.8) | 56 (65.9) | 53 (60.9) | 59 (76.6) | .06 | 46.7 |
| Heart transplant hospital | 20 (7.3) | 2 (3.5) | 4 (6.5) | 8 (15.7) | 4 (7.8) | 2 (3.8) | .11 | 1.8 |
| Dual-eligibility rateb | 20 (14-29) | 11 (9-12) | 15 (14-17) | 20 (19-21) | 27 (25-29) | 46 (36-57) | <.001 | 400.2 |
Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; EF, ejection fraction; GWTG-HF, Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; MI, myocardial infarction; NA, not applicable; TIA, transient ischemic attack; UTD, unable to determine.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.
b
Continuous variables or ordinal categorical variable (EF groups).
c
Other includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (and UTD).