Table 2.

Questionnaire structure and research variables for the lecturers

Variable	No. of items	Example of items	Measuring indices
Probability of academic dishonesty behaviors	5	"Copying from someone else in an exam during the Covid-19 crisis"	Scale of 1–5 where 1 = very low probability and 5 is very high probability
Reasons explaining students' academic dishonesty behaviors	9	"During the Covid-19 crisis the feeling is that no one is harmed by behavior lacking academic integrity"	Scale of 1–5, where 1 = not at all, and 5 = to a very large extent
Attitudes concerning online exams during the Covid-19 crisis	13	"There is insufficient trust between lecturers and students due to online exams"	A scale of 1–5, where 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree