. 2021 Apr 7;21:678. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10728-6

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

Parameter	Total (N = 1934)				MetS^a (N = 332)				No MetS (N = 1602)				p-value
Parameter	N	%	Mean	S.D.	N	%	Mean	S.D.	N	%	Mean	S.D.	p-value
Age (year)			13.40	1.94			13.05	1.88			13.47	1.94	< 0.001
Sex (N (%))
Male	973	50.3			185	55.7			788	49.2			0.035
Female	961	49.7			147	44.3			814	50.8
Caretaker’s education
Primary school and below	873	45.1			149	44.9			724	45.2			0.961
Secondary school and diploma	636	32.9			104	31.3			532	33.2
Bachelor degree and above	189	9.8			37	11.1			152	9.5
Other/data not available	236	12.2			42	12.7			194	12.1
Family income
Lower income than expense	413	21.4			72	21.7			339	21.2			0.551
Having debt	967	50.0			166	50.0			801	50.0			0.997
No saving	428	22.1			89	26.8			341	21.2			0.072
Anthropometric classification
Obesity (BMIZ^b > 2)	296	15.3			183	55.1			113	7.1			< 0.001
Overweight (2 ≥ BMIZ > 1)	164	8.5			58	17.5			106	6.6			< 0.001
Thinness (BMIZ < −2)	4	0.2			0	0			4	0.2			1.000
Stunting (HAZ^c < −2)	39	2.0			3	0.9			36	2.2			0.134
Food intake
Frequent (> 3 times/wk) intake of
- Sweetened milk	638	33			105	31.6			533	33.3			0.533
- Sugar sweetened beverages	735	38			134	40.4			601	37.5			0.339
- Dessert with coconut milk	174	9.0			31	9.3			143	8.9			0.835
Fruits and vegetables intake (portion/day)			2.63	1.95			2.62	2.04			2.63	1.93	0.910
Sedentary activity time
- Total screen time (h/wk)			33.31	19.72			32.11	19.35			33.57	19.79	0.227
- TV^d viewing on weekdays (h/d)			2.39	1.56			2.33	1.65			2.41	1.55	0.402
- TV viewing on weekends (h/d)			3.78	2.63			3.77	2.65			3.80	2.62	0.847
- Use of computers, smart phones, tablets (h/wk)			14.59	13.52			14.24	13.40			14.66	13.54	0.626
- Educational screen time (h/wk)			2.40	2.68			2.17	2.52			2.45	2.71	0.092
Physical activity time (h/wk)			8.46	7.73			8.42	7.03			8.47	7.88	0.907
Screen exposure at age ≤ 2 y	902	46.6			166	50			736	45.9			0.260
Laboratory results
Glucose (mg/dL)			89.43	12.00			93.47	20.81			88.60	11.97	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)			169.85	35.32			169.90	35.71			168.84	35.25	0.977
HDL-C^e (mg/dL)			51.07	12.49			40.58	8.25			53.24	12.11	< 0.001
LDL-C^f (mg/dL)			109.92	31.55			116.17	33.54			108.63	30.98	< 0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)			94.84	47.58			142.45	61.39			84.98	37.23	< 0.001

^a Classified as having metabolic syndrome by at least 1 out of 3 definitions

^b Body mass index z-score

^c Height-for-age z-score

^d Television

^e High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

^f Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol