Table 2.

List of 80 Landmarks^a

Landmark No.	Landmark Explanation	19	40	Landmark No.	Landmark Explanation	19	40
1	Vertical reference point 1 (arbitrary)			41	Pterygoid		√
2	Vertical reference point 2 (arbitrary)			42	Basion		√
3	Sella	√	√	43	U6 crown mesial edge
4	Nasion	√	√	44	U6 mesiobuccal cusp
5	Nasal tip		√	45	U6 root tip
6	Porion	√	√	46	L6 crown mesial edge
7	Orbitale	√	√	47	L6 mesiobuccal cusp
8	Key ridgeb			48	L6 root tip
9	Key ridge contour intervening point 1b			49	glabella		√
10	Key ridge contour intervening point 2b			50	glabella contour intervening pointb
11	Key ridge contour intervening point 3b			51	nasion		√
12	Anterior nasal spine	√	√	52	nasion contour Intervening point 1b		√
13	Posterior nasal spine	√	√	53	nasion contour intervening point 2b		√
14	Point A	√	√	54	supranasal tip		√
15	Point A contour intervening pointb			55	pronasale		√
16	Supradentale		√	56	columella
17	U1 root tip		√	57	columella contour intervening pointb
18	U1 incisal edge	√	√	58	subnasale	√	√
19	L1 incisal edge	√	√	59	cheekpoint
20	L1 root tip		√	60	point A		√
21	Infradentale		√	61	superior labial sulcus		√
22	Point B contour intervening pointb			62	labiale superius
23	Point B	√	√	63	upper lip	√	√
24	Protuberance menti			64	upper lip contour Intervening pointb
25	Pogonion	√	√	65	stomion superius		√
26	Gnathion	√	√	66	stomion inferius		√
27	Menton	√	√	67	lower lip contour Intervening pointb
28	Gonion, constructed	√	√	68	lower lip	√	√
29	Mandibular body contour intervening point 1b			69	labiale inferius
30	Mandibular body contour intervening point 2b			70	inferior labial sulcus
31	Mandibular body contour intervening point 3b			71	point B
32	Gonion, anatomic		√	72	protuberance menti
33	Gonion contour intervening point 1b			73	pogonion	√	√
34	Gonion contour intervening point 2b			74	gnathion		√
35	Articulare	√	√	75	menton		√
36	Ramus contour intervening point 1b			76	menton contour Intervening pointb
37	Ramus contour intervening point 2b			77	cervical point
38	Condylion		√	78	cervical point contour intervening point 1b
39	Ramus tip			79	cervical point contour intervening point 2b
40	Pterygomaxillary fissure			80	terminal point

^aThe 19 and 40 subsets are marked with the symbol √.

^bArbitrarily defined points for smooth delineation of anatomical structures. Capital letters represent hard-tissue landmarks, and lowercase letters represent soft-tissue landmarks.