Table 4.

Previous Reports Regarding Automated Identification of Cephalometric Landmarks

Research Group	Year	Number of Learning Data	Number of Test Data	Number of Landmarks	Mean Radial Error, mm
Hwang et al.6	2019	1028	283	80	1.46
Lee et al.10	2019	935	100	33	Not reported
Wang et al.20	2018	150	150	19	1.69
Arik et al.3	2017	150	150	19	Not reported
Lindner et al.12	2016	400	None	19	1.2
Kaur and Singh9	2015	135	85	18	1.86
Lindner and Cootes11	2015	150	150	19	1.67
Ibragimov et al.8	2015	150	150	19	1.84
Ibragimov et al.7	2014	100	100	19	1.82–1.92
Vandaele et al.16	2014	100	100	19	1.95–2.20
Mirzaalian and Hamarneh13	2014	100	100	19	2.35–2.61
Chu et al.5	2014	100	100	19	2.68–2.92
Chen and Zheng4	2014	100	100	19	2.81–2.85