Table 4.

Mediation analyses to assess the direct and indirect effects between fear, daytime sleepiness, PTSD and problematic smartphone use.

Path	Effect	SE	p	95% CI
Fear(X) → Problematic smartphone use (M) → Daytime sleepiness (Y)
Total effect of X on Y	0.245	0.021	<0.001	0.203–0.286
Direct effect of X on Y	0.204	0.020	<0.001	0.165–0.244
Indirect effect of X on Y	0.041	0.009	<0.001	0.024–0.058
X → M	0.124	0.022	<0.001	0.082–0.167
M → Y	0.327	0.020	<0.001	0.287–0.367
Fear(X) → Problematic smartphone use (M) → PTSD (Y)
Total effect of X on Y	0.139	0.022	<0.001	0.096–0.181
Direct effect of X on Y	0.096	0.021	<0.001	0.055–0.136
Indirect effect of X on Y	0.043	0.009	<0.001	0.026–0.062
X → M	0.124	0.022	<0.001	0.082–0.167
M → Y	0.346	0.021	<0.001	0.306–0.386
Problematic smartphone use (X) → Daytime sleepiness (M) → PTSD(Y)
Total effect of X on Y	0.352	0.021	<0.001	0.312–0.393
Direct effect of X on Y	0.246	0.021	<0.001	0.205–0.287
Indirect effect of X on Y	0.107	0.012	<0.001	0.085–0.131
X → M	0.358	0.020	<0.001	0.318–0.398
M → Y	0.298	0.021	<0.001	0.257–0.339

Abbreviations: PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.