Table 3:

Total Cost and Out-of-Pocket Costs

Characteristic	Total Cost					OOP Costs
	Mean Total Cost, $*	Mean Cost 2009, $	Mean Cost 2017, $	2009–2017, % change	P-Value	Mean Total OOP Expenses, $*	Mean OOP Costs 2009, $	Mean OOP Costs 2017, $	2009–2017, % change	P-Value
Total	1,098	1,024	1,282	25	<0.001	143	121	187	54	<0.001
Insurance Type
FFS	1,276	1,159	1,393	20	<0.001	199	164	241	47	<0.001
MC	1,304	1,254	1,411	13	<0.001	67	67	115	72	<0.001
Medicare-FFS	701	656	911	39	<0.001	83	52	46	-12	<0.001
Medicare-MC	805	790	816	3	0.133	51	35	44	26	<0.001
HDHP
Yes	1,146	1,018	1,291	27	<0.001	266	187	312	67	<0.001
No	1,094	1,025	1,281	25	<0.001	133	119	162	36	<0.001
Geographic Region
Northeast	1,271	1,127	1,581	40	<0.001	100	80	138	73	<0.001
North Central	1,220	1,200	1,419	18	<0.001	161	136	204	50	<0.001
South	991	940	1,135	21	<0.001	158	139	196	41	<0.001
West	1,034	979	1,211	24	<0.001	130	97	191	97	<0.001
Place of Service
Office	420	418	439	5	<0.001	76	68	102	50	<0.001
Outpatient Hospital	2,035	1,774	2,525	42	<0.001	215	179	272	52	<0.001
Ambulatory Surgical Center	1,848	1,725	2,186	27	<0.001	259	202	350	73	<0.001
Procedure Type
Breast Reconstruction	3,003	2,674	3,379	26	<0.001	200	174	224	29	<0.001
Breast Reduction	4,186	3,904	4,663	19	<0.001	381	328	465	42	<0.001
Facial Fracture Repair	1,817	1,669	2,079	25	<0.001	256	209	318	52	<0.001
Hand Surgery	2,005	1,735	2,460	42	<0.001	254	200	336	68	<0.001
Scar Revision/Complex Closure	545	557	570	2	<0.001	88	82	110	34	<0.001
Skin Cancer Excision	483	466	538	15	<0.001	80	69	109	58	<0.001

FFS: fee-for-service, HDHP: high deductible health plan, MC: managed care, OOP: out-of-pocket