Table 4:
Generalized Linear Regression of Total Cost in 2017
| Characteristics | Cost Ratio (95% CI) | P-value | $ Change (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Female | 1[Reference] | - | - |
| Male | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | <0.001 | 178 (166 to 190) |
| Median Household Income | |||
| <40,000 | 1[Reference] | - | - |
| 40,000–50,000 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.37 | −13 (−61 to 35) |
| 50,000–60,000 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | <0.001 | 96 (48 to 144) |
| 60,000–70,000 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.02 | 9 (−41 to 59) |
| >70,000 | 1.17 (1.13–1.21) | <0.001 | 99 (42 to 156) |
| Geographic Region | |||
| Northeast | 1[Reference] | - | - |
| North Central | 0.74 (0.73–0.74) | <0.001 | −344 (−366 to −322) |
| South | 0.68 (0.68–0.69) | <0.001 | −442 (−463 to −420) |
| West | 0.78 (0.77–0.79) | <0.001 | −287 (−312 to 263) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Score | |||
| 0 | 1[Reference] | - | - |
| 1–3 | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | <0.001 | 55 (35 to 75) |
| 4–7 | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | <0.001 | 61 (46 to 75) |
| ≥8 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 | 20 (0 to 40) |
| Insurance Type | |||
| FFS | 1[Reference] | - | |
| MC | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.04 | −58 (−77 to −39) |
| Medicare-FFS | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | <0.001 | −241 (−255 to −226) |
| Medicare-MC | 0.76 (0.74–0.77) | <0.001 | −483 (−505 to −460) |
| HDHP | |||
| No | 1[Reference] | - | |
| Yes | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.002 | −30 (−44 to −15) |
| Place of Service | |||
| Office | 1[Reference] | - | |
| Outpatient Hospital | 5.59 (5.54–5.63) | <0.001 | 1,999 (1,978 to 2,020) |
| Ambulatory Surgery Center | 4.93 (4.89–4.98) | <0.001 | 1,698 (1,677 to 1,718) |
FFS: fee-for-service; HDHP: high-deductible health plan; MC: managed care
*
Changes in total cost obtained using margins command for average marginal effect.