Table 5:
Generalized Linear Regression of Out-of-Pocket Expenses in 2017
| Characteristics | Cost Ratio (95% CI) | P-value | $ Change (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Female | 1[Reference] | - | |
| Male | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 | 14 (11 to 18) |
| Median Household Income | |||
| <40,000 | 1[Reference] | - | |
| 40,000–50,000 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.69 | −6 (−19 to 8) |
| 50,000–60,000 | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.29 | 1 (−13 to 14) |
| 60,000–70,000 | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.82 | −8 (−22 to 7) |
| >70,000 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.10 | 7 (−11 to 25) |
| Geographic Region | |||
| Northeast | 1[Reference] | - | |
| North Central | 1.21 (1.19–1.23) | <0.001 | 58 (52 to 63) |
| South | 1.14 (1.13–1.16) | <0.001 | 45 (41 to 50) |
| West | 1.18 (1.15–1.20) | <0.001 | 56 (−46 to 29) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Score | |||
| 0 | 1[Reference] | - | |
| 1–3 | 0.87 (0.86–0.89) | <0.001 | −29 (−35 to −23) |
| 4–7 | 0.90 (0.88–0.91) | <0.001 | −29 (−33 to −24) |
| ≥8 | 0.77 (0.75–0.78) | <0.001 | −69 (−75 to −63) |
| Insurance Type | |||
| FFS | 1[Reference] | - | |
| MC | 0.74 (0.73–0.76) | <0.001 | −65 (−71 to −59) |
| Medicare-FFS | 0.31 (0.30–0.31) | <0.001 | −232 (−234 to −230) |
| Medicare-MC | 0.45 (0.43–0.47) | <0.001 | −165 (−172 to −157) |
| HDHP | |||
| No | 1[Reference] | - | |
| Yes | 1.49 (1.47–1.51) | <0.001 | 91 (86 to 96) |
| Place of Service | |||
| Office | 1[Reference] | - | |
| Outpatient Hospital | 2.76 (2.73–2.79) | <0.001 | 259 (254 to 264) |
| Ambulatory Surgery Center | 2.93 (2.89–2.97) | <0.001 | 279 (273 to 285) |
FFS: fee-for-service; HDHP: high-deductible health plan; MC: managed care
*
Changes in total cost obtained using margins command for average marginal effects