Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| aTRHprior (≥140/90 mm Hg) | Control | P‐value | aTRHupdated (≥130/80 mm Hg) | Control | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 206) | (N = 1812) | (N = 276) | (N = 1735) | |||
| Clinical demographics | ||||||
| Age (y) | 61.5 ± 11.2 | 60.7 ± 11.1 | .353 | 61.3 ± 10.9 | 60.7 ± 11.2 | .439 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 88 (42.7%) | 836 (46.1%) | .390 | 116 (42.0%) | 806 (46.5%) | .192 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 4.1 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | <.001 | 27.2 ± 4.0 | 25.4 ± 3.5 | <.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.0 ± 11.0 | 87.9 ± 9.4 | <.001 | 92.1 ± 11.0 | 87.7 ± 9.3 | <.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 97.9 ± 10.1 | 94.9 ± 6.4 | <.001 | 97.8 ± 9.4 | 94.8 ± 6.3 | <.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 104 (50.5%) | 795 (43.9%) | .084 | 132 (47.8%) | 763 (44.0%) | .262 |
| CKD (≥stage 3), n (%) | 76 (36.9%) | 489 (27.0%) | .004 | 93 (33.7%) | 472 (27.2%) | .031 |
| Office BP measurement | ||||||
| Office SBP (mm Hg) | 135.8 ± 19.6 | 125.8 ± 14.7 | <.001 | 134.4 ± 17.6 | 125.6 ± 14.8 | <.001 |
| Office DBP (mm Hg) | 76.8 ± 10.8 | 75.3 ± 9.5 | .057 | 77.5 ± 10.0 | 75.1 ± 9.6 | <.001 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 64.8 ± 11.1 | 69.5 ± 11.0 | <.001 | 66.3 ± 11.7 | 69.5 ± 10.9 | <.001 |
| ABPM | ||||||
| All‐day SBP (mm Hg) | 134.8 ± 15.2 | 128.5 ± 13.7 | <.001 | 133.8 ± 13.9 | 128.4 ± 13.9 | <.001 |
| All‐day DBP (mm Hg) | 78.1 ± 7.9 | 77.2 ± 8.2 | .179 | 78.6 ± 7.7 | 77.1 ± 8.2 | .009 |
| Day time SBP (mm Hg) | 139.1 ± 15.2 | 133.4 ± 14.1 | <.001 | 138.5 ± 13.9 | 133.2 ± 14.3 | <.001 |
| Day time DBP (mm Hg) | 81.1 ± 8.3 | 80.4 ± 8.3 | .323 | 81.8 ± 8.2 | 80.2 ± 8.3 | .008 |
| Night time SBP (mm Hg) | 127.2 ± 18.1 | 119.4 ± 16.0 | <.001 | 125.2 ± 16.9 | 119.4 ± 16.2 | <.001 |
| Night time DBP (mm Hg) | 72.9 ± 9.7 | 71.2 ± 8.6 | .024 | 72.8 ± 9.3 | 71.2 ± 8.6 | .007 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | ||||||
| No. of drugs | 4 [4‐4] | 2 [1‐2] | <.001 | 4 [3‐4] | 2 [1‐2] | <.001 |
| RAS inhibitors | 198 (96.1%) | 1440 (79.5%) | <.001 | 260 (94.2%) | 1371 (79.0%) | <.001 |
| ARBs | 185 (89.8%) | 1361 (75.1%) | <.001 | 244 (88.4%) | 1295 (74.6%) | <.001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 13 (6.3%) | 95 (5.2%) | .630 | 16 (5.8%) | 92 (5.3%) | .846 |
| CCBs | 195 (94.7%) | 983 (54.2%) | <.001 | 255 (92.4%) | 917 (52.9%) | <.001 |
| Beta‐blockers | 179 (86.9%) | 368 (20.3%) | <.001 | 195 (70.7%) | 351 (20.2%) | <.001 |
| Diuretics | 199 (96.6%) | 377 (20.8%) | <.001 | 269 (97.5%) | 300 (17.3%) | <.001 |
| Spironolactone | 11 (5.3%) | 27 (1.5%) | <.001 | 14 (5.1%) | 24 (1.4%) | <.001 |
| Thiazide a | 146 (70.9%) | 316 (17.4%) | <.001 | 202 (73.2%) | 253 (14.6%) | <.001 |
| Minoxidil | 8 (3.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | <.001 | 8 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | <.001 |
| Alpha‐blockers | 31 (15.0%) | 29 (1.6%) | <.001 | 32 (11.6%) | 28 (1.6%) | <.001 |
| Statins | 116 (56.3%) | 1071 (59.1%) | .485 | 160 (58.0%) | 1022 (58.9%) | .820 |
| Aspirin | 69 (33.5%) | 500 (27.6%) | .089 | 92 (33.3%) | 475 (27.4%) | .049 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 13.7 ± 1.7 | .005 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 13.7 ± 1.7 | .107 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 22.9 ± 11.0 | 19.4 ± 9.1 | <.001 | 22.2 ± 10.9 | 19.4 ± 9.1 | <.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | <.001 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | <.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 62.1 ± 23.7 | 69.5 ± 21.5 | <.001 | 63.7 ± 23.8 | 69.5 ± 21.5 | <.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176.0 ± 41.7 | 171.8 ± 36.6 | .173 | 174.6 ± 41.1 | 171.9 ± 36.6 | .301 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 156.9 ± 83.7 | 144.5 ± 86.2 | .061 | 155.8 ± 82.5 | 144.3 ± 86.6 | .048 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.0 ± 12.5 | 49.4 ± 12.9 | .015 | 47.3 ± 12.5 | 49.5 ± 12.9 | .012 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 94.2 ± 28.3 | 94.0 ± 31.3 | .910 | 93.8 ± 28.6 | 94.1 ± 31.3 | .905 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; aTRH, apparent treatment‐resistant hypertension; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; RAS, renin‐angiotensin system; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
a
Thiazide includes thiazides and thiazide‐like drugs (indapamide, chlorthalidone).