TABLE 2.
Determinants of blood pressure control in a prospective Ghanaian cohort (Full models)
| Determinants | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| BP control (≥140/90 mm Hg) | Mean systolic BP | Mean diastolic BP | |
| Socio‐demographic | |||
| Age | 1.03 (0.95‐1.12) | 0.81 (0.10‐1.52) | −2.62 (−3.04 to −2.19) |
| Male gender | 1.37 (1.09‐1.72) | 3.80 (1.83‐5.77) | 0.42 (−0.75 to 1.59) |
| Education | |||
| Tertiary | 1.03 (0.79‐1.33) | 1.44 (−0.84 to 3.72) | 1.26 (−0.10 to 2.61) |
| Secondary | 1.32 (1.00‐1.74) | 0.68 (−1.91 to 3.27) | 1.07 (−0.47 to 2.61) |
| Primary | 1.06 (0.79‐1.42) | 3.03 (0.61‐5.46) | 2.05 (0.61‐3.49) |
| None | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 1.07 (0.85‐1.35) | 0.61 (−1.43 to 2.66) | 0.68 (−0.53 to 1.89) |
| Divorced | 1.02 (0.83 ‐ 1.25) | 0.42 (−1.37 to 2.20) | 0.21 (−0.85 to 1.27) |
| Widow | 0.67 (0.41‐1.09) | −3.07 (−7.37 to 1.23) | −1.10 (−3.65 to 1.46) |
| Single | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Income (per each 100 GHc rise) | 1.02 (0.94‐1.12) | 0.73 (−0.04 to 1.51) | −0.12 (−0.59 to 0.34) |
| Unemployed | 0.88 (0.73‐1.06) | −0.97 (−2.59 to 0.65) | −0.90 (−1.86 to 0.06) |
| Dependents on household income | 0.99 (0.97‐1.01) | −0.08 (−0.26 to 0.10) | −0.06 (−0.16 to 0.05) |
| Location of residence | |||
| Urban | 1.15 (0.89‐1.49) | 0.86 (−1.16 to 2.89) | 0.44 (−0.76 to 1.65) |
| Semi‐urban | 1.12 (0.88‐1.41) | 0.41 (−1.84 to 2.65) | 1.17 (−0.16 to 2.50) |
| Rural | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Lifestyle/Behavioral | |||
| Any cigarette use | 1.19 (0.28‐5.14) | −0.15(−13.00 to 12.70) | −1.83 (−9.49 to 5.83) |
| Current alcohol use | 0.86 (0.65‐1.13) | −1.52 (−3.92 to 0.89) | 0.54 (−0.89 to 1.97) |
| Physical activity | 0.95 (0.81‐1.12) | −0.64 (−2.02 to 0.75) | 0.16 (−0.66 to 0.99) |
| Fruit intake (servings/d) | 0.94 (0.89‐1.00) | −0.41 (−0.91 to 0.09) | −0.24 (−0.54 to 0.05) |
| Vegetable intake (servings/d) | 0.97 (0.91‐1.03) | −0.15 (−0.66 to 0.37) | −0.10 (−0.41 to 0.21) |
| Salt intake | 1.03 (0.82‐1.30) | −0.05 (−2.06 to 1.97) | −0.48 (−1.68 to 0.72) |
| Adherence to Hypertension treatment | 1.03 (1.00‐1.06) | 0.18 (−0.08 to 0.44) | 0.23 (0.08‐0.39) |
| Patho‐biologic factors | |||
| Duration of hypertension | 1.01 (1.00‐1.02) | 0.14 (0.03‐0.24) | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.11) |
| Hypertension with DM | 2.05 (1.72‐2.46) | 6.83 (5.26‐8.39) | 1.16 (0.23‐2.09) |
| Number of antihypertensives | 1.63 (1.49‐1.79) | 4.88 (4.07‐5.68) | 1.62 (1.14‐2.09) |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min rise) | 0.82 (0.76‐0.89) | −2.02 (−2.65 to −1.38) | −0.50 (−0.88 to −0.12) |
| Waist circumference | 0.97 (0.91‐1.03) | −0.49 (−1.00 to 0.03) | 0.82 (0.52‐1.13) |
| Heart failure | 0.76 (0.56‐1.04) | −3.13 (−5.79 to −0.47) | 0.70 (−0.88 to 2.28) |
| Stroke | 1.03 (0.74‐1.43) | 0.58 (−2.31 to 3.47) | 1.01 (−0.71 to 2.72) |
| Organizational | |||
| Antihypertensives covered by National Insurance | 1.07 (0.92‐1.25) | −0.25 (−1.60 to 1.09) | 0.24 (−0.56 to 1.04) |
| Level of Health Institution | |||
| Tertiary level | 1.38 (0.85‐2.23) | 5.07 (0.70‐9.44) | −3.43 (−6.03 to −0.83) |
| Secondary/district level | 1.50 (0.90‐2.48) | 5.04 (0.89‐9.18) | −4.36 (−6.82 to −1.89) |
| Primary | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Bold indicate variables which attained significant independent associations with dependent variables.