TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of 451 participants stratified on drinking frequency
| Clinical characteristics | Drinking frequency at baseline visit | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rare | Occasional | Daily | ||||
| Number | 91 | 237 | 123 | |||
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Age (y)* | 44 (38‐51) | 43 (39‐49) | 50 (41‐54) | <.001 | ||
| Male (n [%]) | 57 (62.6) | 166 (70.0) | 93 (75.6) | .123 | ||
| Smoking status (n [%])* | ||||||
| Non‐smoker | 81 (89.0) | 185 (78.1) | 68 (55.3) | <.001 | ||
| Past smoker | 7 (7.7) | 33 (13.9) | 39 (31.7) | |||
| Current smoker | 3 (3.3) | 19 (8.0) | 16 (13.0) | |||
| Current treatment for | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia (n [%]) | 2 (2.2) | 6 (2.5) | 3 (2.4) | .985 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (n [%]) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | .404 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 21.5 ± 2.5 | 22.3 ± 2.9 | 22.2 ± 2.7 | .042 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 116 ± 11 | 117 ± 11 | 121 ± 12 | .008 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | <.001 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 202 ± 30 | 203 ± 31 | 204 ± 35 | .933 | ||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 69 (48‐94) | 69 (53‐100) | 70 (50‐104) | .494 | ||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | .088 | ||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79 ± 12 | 79 ± 11 | 77 ± 11 | .351 | ||
| Salt intake (g/d) | 8.1 ± 1.7 | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 8.7 ± 1.7 | .088 | ||
| Drinking frequency 1 y after the baseline visit a | ||||||
| Rare (n [%]) | 83 (91.2) | 6 (2.5) | 1 (0.8) | |||
| Occasional | 8 (8.8) | 222 (93.7) | 14 (11.4) | |||
| Daily | 0 (0.0) | 9 (3.8) | 108 (87.8) | |||
Mean ± SD; median (25%–75%).
Abbreviation: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
a
Reproducibility of drinking frequency at the baseline visit and 1 y after the baseline visit was 0.88 of the weighted kappa statistics.
*
P < .05