Table 3. Clinical characteristics for participants diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GDM) by the different criteria in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study (A) and the Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy Study (B).
| (A) HAPO | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Controls
with normal glucose |
FPG ≥5.1
mmol/L only |
1-hr glucose
a
≥10 mmol/L only |
2-hr glucose
a
≥8.5 mmol/L only |
Both (FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L and
either 1-hr glucose a ≥10 mmol/L or 2-hr glucose a ≥8.5 mmol/L) |
|
Median FPG in
mmol/L (IQR) |
4.5
(4.3-4.7) n=2,275 |
5.2
(5.1-5.3) n=164 |
4.8
(4.6-4.9) n=66 |
4.5
(4.3-4.7) n=48 |
5.3
(5.2-5.5) n=75 |
|
Median 1-hr glucose
in mmol/L (IQR) |
7.1
(6.0-8.0) n=2,275 |
8.4
(7.6-9.2) n=164 |
10.4
(10.2-11.0) n=66 |
9.0
(8.6-9.5) n=48 |
10.6
(10.0-11.2) n=75 |
|
Median 2-hr glucose
in mmol/L (IQR) |
5.8
(5.1-6.5) n=2,275 |
6.6
(6.0-7.1) n=164 |
7.4
(6.6-7.9) n=66 |
8.9
(8.6-9.1) n=48 |
7.9
(7.1-8.9) n=75 |
|
Median maternal
age in years (IQR) |
31
(26-34) n=2,275 |
31
(27-35) n=164 |
31
(27-35) n=66 |
32
(27-34) n=48 |
32
(29-36) ** n=75 |
|
Median pre-
pregnancy BMI (IQR) |
22.9
(21.0-26.1) n=2,125 |
27.5
(23.8-33.1) *** n=142 |
24.4
(21.2-27.9) n=59 |
23.0
(20.1-25.1) n=45 |
28.0
(23.8-35.2) *** n=65 |
|
Median SBP in
mmHg (IQR) |
108
(102-114) n=2,275 |
113
(106-119) *** n=164 |
110
(103-118) n=66 |
104
(100-116) n=48 |
110
(103-118) * n=75 |
| Mean FPG GS (SD) | 15.50 (2.93)
n=2,275 |
16.99 (2.90)
***
n=164 |
16.51 (2.88)
*
n=66 |
16.11 (2.06)
n=48 |
16.84 (2.72)
**
n=75 |
| Mean T2D GS (SD) | 41.19 (4.03)
n=2,275 |
42.05 (3.90)
*
n=164 |
42.18 (4.15)
*
n=66 |
43.40 (4.41)
**
n=48 |
42.74 (5.07)
**
n=75 |
| (B) DIP | |||||
| Variables | Controls
with normal glucose |
FPG ≥5.1
mmol/L only |
1-hr glucose
a
≥10 mmol/L only |
2-hr glucose
a
≥8.5 mmol/L only |
Both (FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L and
either 1-hr glucose a or 2-hr glucose a ≥8.5 mmol/L) |
|
Median FPG in
mmol/L (IQR) |
4.3
(4.1-4.5) n=816 |
5.3
(5.2-5.5) n=58 |
4.6
(4.4-4.8) n=88 |
4.5
(4.2-4.7) n=25 |
5.5
(5.2-5.9) n=97 |
|
Median 1-hr glucose
a
in mmol/L (IQR) |
6.6
(5.6-7.7) n=816 |
8.7
(7.5-9.1) n=58 |
10.8
(10.2-11.2) n=88 |
8.6
(8.1-9.1) n=25 |
11.2
(10.2-12.0) n=97 |
|
Median 2-hr glucose
a
in mmol/L (IQR) |
5.2
(4.6-6.0) n=816 |
6.1
(5.5-7.0) n=58 |
6.9
(5.9-7.8) n=88 |
8.8
(8.6-9.2) n=25 |
8.5
(7.5-9.3) n=97 |
|
Median maternal
age in years (IQR) |
32
(29-36) n=521 |
35
(31-39) * n=35 |
34
(31-37) * n=69 |
32
(29-40) n=16 |
33
(30-36) n=72 |
|
Median pre-
pregnancy BMI (IQR) |
25.4
(23.4-28.8) n=454 |
31.6
(29.0-38.3) *** n=33 |
29.6
(25.5-35.7) *** n=56 |
28.5
(25.5-31.1) n=16 |
33.5
(28.3-37.6) *** n=55 |
|
Median SBP in
mmHg (IQR) |
117
(108-124) n=437 |
119
(110-130) n=21 |
120
(113-130) * n=38 |
122
(111-134) n=12 |
120
(115-134) ** n=41 |
| Mean FPG GS (SD) | 15.76 (2.86)
n=816 |
17.09 (2.86)
**
n=58 |
16.38 (2.94)
n=88 |
16.12 (3.30)
n=25 |
17.60 (3.09)
***
n=97 |
| Mean T2D GS (SD) | 41.73 (3.97)
n=816 |
42.80 (4.16)
*
n=58 |
42.75 (4.05)
*
n=88 |
44.10 (4.59)
**
n=25 |
43.82 (4.18)
***
n=97 |
BMI, body mass index; DIP, Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy Study; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HAPO, Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study; IQR, interquartile range; SBP, systolic blood pressure. aThe 1-hour and 2-hour glucose measures refer to the glucose level measured at 1 and 2 hours, respectively, following a 75 g oral glucose load as part of an oral glucose tolerance test. * P value <0.05 for comparison with controls (>0.05 after Bonferroni correction). ** P value <0.01 for comparison with controls (<0.05 after Bonferroni correction). *** P value <0.001 for comparison with controls (remained <0.001 after Bonferroni correction).