Table 1.
Characteristics of study groups by morning surge of systolic blood pressure
| Parameter | Normal MS (n = 967) | High MS (n = 106) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 49 ± 7 | 50 ± 6 | 0.13 |
| Men, n (%) | 485 (50) | 56 (53) | 0.60 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.4 ± 4.6 | 27.6 ± 4.2 | 0.05 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 236 (24) | 29 (27) | 0.50 |
| FHCVD, n (%) | 142 (15) | 15 (14) | 0.88 |
| Previous events, n (%) | 35 (4) | 2 (2) | 0.57 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 49 (5) | 3 (3) | 0.47 |
| IFG, n (%) | 186 (19) | 26 (24) | 0.19 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.8 ± 20 | 84.6 ± 22 | 0.59 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 207 ± 36 | 212 ± 39 | 0.11 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 50 ± 12 | 51 ± 13 | 0.35 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 138 ± 71 | 146 ± 89 | 0.32 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 129 ± 30 | 132 ± 31 | 0.31 |
| LV hypertrophy, n (%) | 233 (24) | 34 (32) | 0.07 |
| LA enlargement, n (%) | 96 (10) | 6 (6) | 0.15 |
| ALVSD, n (%) | 10 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.95 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 21 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.25 |
| Clinic SBP, mm Hg | 144 ± 15 | 153 ± 15 | 0.0001 |
| Clinic DBP, mm Hg | 92 ± 10 | 95 ± 9 | 0.0001 |
| Daytime SBP, mm Hg | 133 ± 13 | 142 ± 14 | 0.0001 |
| Daytime DBP, mm Hg | 84 ± 9 | 87 ± 10 | 0.01 |
| Nighttime SBP, mm Hg | 118 ± 14 | 115 ± 15 | 0.03 |
| Nighttime DBP, mm Hg | 72 ± 9 | 69 ± 9 | 0.005 |
| 24‐h SBP, mm Hg | 129 ± 13 | 134 ± 14 | 0.0001 |
| 24‐h DBP, mm Hg | 81 ± 9 | 82 ± 9 | 0.26 |
| MS SBP, mm Hg | 12 ± 9 | 33 ± 5 | 0.0001 |
| Nondippers SBP, n (%) | 416 (43) | 6 (6) | 0.0001 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 486 (50) | 59 (56) | 0.53 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 359 (37) | 30 (28) | 0.07 |
| Calcium antagonist, n (%) | 319 (33) | 36 (34) | 0.84 |
| ACE‐inhibitor, n (%) | 436 (45) | 45 (42) | 0.60 |
| AR‐blocker, n (%) | 194 (20) | 29 (27) | 0.08 |
| Alpha‐blocker, n (%) | 125 (13) | 9 (8) | 0.19 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ALVSD, asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction; AR, angiotensin receptor; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FHCVD, family history of cardiovascular disease; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose (100‐125 mg/dL); LA, left atrial; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricular; MS, morning surge; SBP, systolic blood pressure.