Table 2.
Characteristics of study groups by morning surge of diastolic blood pressure
| Parameter | Normal MS (n = 967) | High MS (n = 106) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 49 ± 7 | 49 ± 6 | 0.89 |
| Men, n (%) | 475 (49) | 66 (62) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.4 ± 4.6 | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 0.13 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 237 (24) | 28 (26) | 0.67 |
| FHCVD, n (%) | 133 (14) | 24 (23) | 0.01 |
| Previous events, n (%) | 34 (4) | 3 (3) | 0.71 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 48 (5) | 4 (4) | 0.59 |
| IFG, n (%) | 190 (20) | 22 (21) | 0.79 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.4 ± 19 | 88.2 ± 26 | 0.29 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 207 ± 36 | 208 ± 34 | 0.85 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 50 ± 12 | 49 ± 12 | 0.37 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 138 ± 73 | 146 ± 72 | 0.33 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 129 ± 30 | 129 ± 31 | 0.92 |
| LV hypertrophy, n (%) | 236 (24) | 31 (29) | 0.27 |
| LA enlargement, n (%) | 94 (10) | 8 (8) | 0.47 |
| ALVSD, n (%) | 11 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.61 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 20 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.71 |
| Clinic SBP, mm Hg | 144 ± 15 | 147 ± 15 | 0.053 |
| Clinic DBP, mm Hg | 92 ± 10 | 96 ± 10 | 0.0001 |
| Daytime SBP, mm Hg | 133 ± 13 | 137 ± 14 | 0.02 |
| Daytime DBP, mm Hg | 84 ± 9 | 89 ± 10 | 0.0001 |
| Nighttime SBP, mm Hg | 118 ± 14 | 114 ± 15 | 0.01 |
| Nighttime DBP, mm Hg | 71 ± 9 | 70 ± 10 | 0.14 |
| 24‐h SBP, mm Hg | 129 ± 13 | 130 ± 14 | 0.36 |
| 24‐h DBP, mm Hg | 80 ± 8 | 83 ± 9 | 0.003 |
| MS DBH, mm Hg | 9 ± 6 | 24 ± 4 | 0.0001 |
| Nondippers DBH, n (%) | 236 (24) | 2 (2) | 0.0001 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 490 (51) | 55 (51) | 0.95 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 356 (37) | 33 (31) | 0.25 |
| Calcium antagonist, n (%) | 316 (33) | 39 (37) | 0.39 |
| ACE‐inhibitor, n (%) | 432 (45) | 49 (46) | 0.76 |
| AR‐blocker, n (%) | 200 (21) | 23 (22) | 0.81 |
| Alpha‐blocker, n (%) | 123 (13) | 11 (10) | 0.49 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ALVSD, asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction; AR, angiotensin receptor; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FHCVD, family history of cardiovascular disease; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose (100‐125 mg/dL); LA, left atrial; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricular; MS, morning surge; SBP, systolic blood pressure.