Table 2.
Factors associated with chronic kidney disease among Ghanaians with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus
| Predictor | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, each 10 year older | 1.34 (1.22‐1.43) | <.0001 | 1.26 (1.17‐1.36) | <.0001 |
| Female gender | 0.76 (0.62‐0.92) | 0.006 | 0.75 (0.61‐0.93) | .008 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Primary/none | 1.41 (1.05‐1.90) | 0.02 | 1.47 (1.07‐2.02) | .02 |
| Secondary | 1.39 (1.02‐1.89) | 0.04 | 1.70 (1.23‐2.35) | .001 |
| Tertiary | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Duration of hypertension | 1.03 (1.02‐1.05) | <.0001 | 1.02 (1.01‐1.04) | .0001 |
| Duration of diabetes mellitus | 1.01 (0.99‐1.02) | 0.24 | — | — |
| Regular exercise | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 1.24 (1.04‐1.48) | 0.02 | 1.18 (0.98‐1.41) | .07 |
| BMI, each 5 kg/m2 rise | 0.96 (0.89‐1.04) | 0.31 | — | — |
| WC, each 5 cm rise | 1.02 (0.95‐1.08) | 0.65 | — | — |
| Use of ACE‐I and or ARB | ||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ACE‐I | 1.08 (0.88‐1.31) | 0.48 | 0.94 (0.76‐1.16) | .56 |
| ARB | 1.32 (1.06‐1.65) | 0.01 | 1.09 (0.86‐1.38) | .47 |
| ARB + ACE‐I | 0.87 (0.45‐1.66) | 0.66 | 0.79 (0.40‐1.58) | .51 |
| Use of herbal preparations | 1.38 (1.10‐1.74) | 0.005 | 1.39 (1.10‐1.75) | .006 |
Abbreviations: ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; WC, waist circumference.