Table 4.
Predictors of proteinuria among Ghanaians with hypertension and or diabetes Mellitus
| Predictor | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P‐value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, each 10 years older | 1.05 (0.96‐1.14) | 0.32 | — | — |
| Female gender | 0.94 (0.73‐1.21) | 0.64 | — | — |
| Educational level | ||||
| Primary/none | 1.85 (1.23‐2.77) | 0.003 | 1.82 (1.22‐2.73) | 0.004 |
| Secondary | 1.58 (1.04‐2.41) | 0.03 | 1.57 (1.02‐2.39) | 0.04 |
| Tertiary | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Duration of hypertension | 1.00 (0.99‐1.02) | 0.73 | — | — |
| Duration of diabetes | 0.98 (0.96‐1.01) | 0.18 | — | — |
| Regular exercise | ||||
| Yes | 1.15 (0.92‐1.43) | 0.22 | — | — |
| No | 1.00 | |||
| Systolic BP, each 10 mm Hg | 1.10 (1.05‐1.15) | 0.0001 | 1.08 (1.04‐1.14) | 0.0005 |
| HBA1C > 7% | 1.19 (0.81‐1.73) | 0.38 | — | — |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 0.81 (0.63‐1.05) | 0.12 | — | — |
| Use of ACE‐I and or ARB | ||||
| None | 1.00 | — | — | |
| ACE‐I | 0.91 (0.71‐1.16) | 0.43 | ||
| ARB | 0.86 (0.66‐1.16) | 0.36 | ||
| ARB + ACE‐I | 0.59 (0.23‐1.51) | 0.27 | ||
| Use of herbal preparations | 1.20 (0.90‐1.61) | 0.21 | — | — |
Interaction between educational attainment and mean systolic blood pressure, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.01 (0.94‐1.09), P = .79.
Abbreviations: ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin concentration; SD, standard deviation.