Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics according to the body fat percentage (BF%) quintile
| Characteristics | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||||
| Age (year) | 49.9 ± 8.5 | 49.7 ± 8.3 | 50.0 ± 8.2 | 49.4 ± 7.8 | 50.8 ± 8.5 | 0.201 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 84.2 ± 15.3 | 87.7 ± 21.8 | 89.1 ± 27.0 | 92.5 ± 23.6 | 92.6 ± 25.3 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 177.9 ± 33.1 | 189.2 ± 34.7 | 191.8 ± 34.0 | 198.6 ± 34.0 | 201.8 ± 33.9 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 123.1 ± 82.2 | 152.9 ± 91.5 | 169.5 ± 100.2 | 192.6 ± 129.9 | 208.6 ± 119.9 | <0.001 |
| HDL‐C (mg/dL) | 47.8 ± 10.9 | 44.2 ± 9.6 | 42.3 ± 8.9 | 41.2 ± 8.5 | 40.5 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.172 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 1.03 ± 0.09 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 1.03 ± 0.09 | 0.019 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.1 ± 2.0 | 22.8 ± 1.9 | 24.2 ± 1.9 | 25.4 ± 1.9 | 26.8 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 75.2 ± 5.6 | 79.4 ± 5.4 | 83.0 ± 5.2 | 86.1 ± 5.1 | 89.6 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 89.0 ± 5.0 | 92.1 ± 4.7 | 94.4 ± 4.4 | 96.0 ± 4.3 | 97.6 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.05 | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 0.92 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
| BF% | 14.4 ± 2.0 | 18.5 ± 0.8 | 21.2 ± 0.8 | 23.8 ± 0.8 | 28.0 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | ||||||
| Baseline | 10.9% | 12.6% | 14.3% | 18.6% | 20.5% | <0.001 |
| Follow‐up | 7.2% | 8.9% | 11.7% | 15.9% | 19.4% | <0.001 |
| Average alcohol use (g/day) | 16.7 ± 28.0 | 17.3 ± 29.6 | 16.0 ± 23.0 | 16.3 ± 24.3 | 17.7 ± 29.5 | 0.799 |
| Current smoking (%) | 56.0% | 45.7% | 44.8% | 42.5% | 38.3% | <0.001 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 52.3% | 40.5% | 32.8% | 30.1% | 26.3% | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1964.9 ± 567.1 | 1898.4 ± 485.5 | 1961.9 ± 527.0 | 1948.3 ± 495.1 | 1961.0 ± 525.9 | 0.603 |
| Sodium intake (mg/day) | 3423.7 ± 1622.2 | 3393.5 ± 1467.2 | 3389.9 ± 1451.8 | 3429.8 ± 1458.3 | 3434.4 ± 1453.3 | 0.799 |
| Incidence of hypertension [n, (%)] | 116 (24.7%) | 111 (24.6%) | 138 (29.4%) | 152 (33.6%) | 176 (38.8%) | <0.001 |
| Time to incident hypertension (year) | 6.0 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | |
| Women | ||||||
| Age (year) | 49.0 ± 8.5 | 48.8 ± 8.0 | 49.7 ± 8.1 | 50.1 ± 8.1 | 52.8 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 80.9 ± 13.3 | 81.7 ± 15.0 | 83.0 ± 17.1 | 83.7 ± 16.1 | 86.1 ± 19.8 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 177.7 ± 29.0 | 182.1 ± 30.5 | 188.7 ± 35.9 | 191.2 ± 34.1 | 198.6 ± 37.6 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 109.1 ± 51.4 | 129.9 ± 77.9 | 137.9 ± 69.6 | 137.9 ± 69.6 | 159.2 ± 91.8 | <0.001 |
| HDL‐C (mg/dL) | 49.4 ± 10.2 | 46.8 ± 10.0 | 45.9 ± 9.8 | 45.2 ± 9.5 | 44.5 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.11 | 0.97 ± 0.10 | 0.96 ± 0.11 | 0.516 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 72.3 ± 6.8 | 76.0 ± 7.1 | 79.4 ± 7.4 | 81.6 ± 7.5 | 87.2 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 88.4 ± 4.6 | 92.2 ± 4.2 | 93.5 ± 4.2 | 95.2 ± 4.5 | 99.1 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| BF% | 23.5 ± 2.7 | 28.7 ± 1.0 | 31.4 ± 0.6 | 33.6 ± 0.8 | 37.8 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | ||||||
| Baseline | 11.3% | 14.1% | 13.5% | 13.4% | 18.7% | <0.001 |
| Follow‐up | 4.5% | 6.4% | 9.0% | 10.9% | 12.0% | <0.001 |
| Average alcohol use (g/day) | 1.8 ± 9.4 | 1.1 ± 3.8 | 1.5 ± 5.7 | 1.3 ± 4.8 | 1.3 ± 5.2 | 0.329 |
| Current smoking (%) | 2.8% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.084 |
| Regular exercise (%) | 36.7% | 30.8% | 34.2% | 28.3% | 27.4% | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1829.5 ± 597.2 | 1830.6 ± 554.9 | 1827.3 ± 547.7 | 1802.2 ± 508.9 | 1849.5 ± 571.8 | 0.889 |
| Sodium intake (mg/day) | 3134.0 ± 1514.9 | 3074.2 ± 1343.2 | 3152.9 ± 1495.2 | 3305.9 ± 1444.5 | 3203.3 ± 1432.7 | 0.064 |
| Incidence of hypertension [n, (%)] | 113 (21.9%) | 118 (22.2%) | 110 (22.1%) | 139 (26.9%) | 175 (34.5%) | <0.001 |
| Time to incident hypertension (year) | 5.6 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.5 | |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean (±SD), and categorical variables are expressed as number (percentage (%)).
BF%, body fat %; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C‐reactive protein; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; time to hypertension, median time to incident hypertension.