Table A6.

Assessment and definition of morning BP surge and BPV

Recommendation	Class of recommendation	Level of evidence
1. Morning BP surge is calculated as the morning SBP (average of morning SBP values in the 2 h after arising) minus the 1‐h average of the lowest nighttime SBP for the sleep‐trough surge, and as morning SBP minus the 2‐h pre‐awakening nighttime BP values for pre‐awakening BP surge	I	A
2. Pathological sleep‐trough morning SBP surge ranges from ≈35 mm Hg for community‐based samples to ≈55 mm Hg for hypertensive patients	IIa	B
3. Short‐term BPV parameters include standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), average real variability (ARV), variability independent of the mean (VIM) for daytime BP, nighttime BP, weighted SD of 24‐h BP values, and peak and trough values for daytime and nighttime BP	IIa	B

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BPV, blood pressure variability; SBP, systolic blood pressure.