Table A7.

24‐h BP characteristics of specific diseases

Recommendation	Class of recommendation	Level of evidence
1. Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by non‐dipper pattern and nocturnal hypertension with increased BPV, which may trigger sleep‐onset cardiovascular events	I	B
2. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by non‐dipper pattern and nocturnal hypertension, and exaggerates the cardiovascular risk associated with nocturnal hypertension, especially when accompanied by orthostatic hypotension	I	B
3. CKD is characterized by shortened dipping time, non‐dipper pattern and nocturnal hypertension, proportional to CKD stage	I	A
4. Renovascular hypertension and endocrine disorders (primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, etc) are likely to have non‐dipper pattern and nocturnal hypertension	I	B
5. Specific drugs (NSAIDs, Kanzo [licorice], etc) are likely to induce a non‐dipper pattern and nocturnal hypertension	IIa	B

Abbreviations: ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BP, blood pressure; BPV, blood pressure variability; CKD, chronic kidney disease, NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatories.