Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects divided by CKD
| Variables | Total (n = 13 693) | CKD group (n = 2525) | Non‐CKD group (n = 11 168) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 45.86 (45.27‐46.46) | 59.59 (58.38‐60.81) | 43.65 (43.13‐44.17) |
| Males (%) | 49.47 (48.47‐50.28) | 43.38 (40.93‐45.86) | 50.46 (49.62‐51.29) |
| Race (%) | |||
| Non‐Hispanic white | 74.20 (71.4‐76.9) | 74.15 (70.72‐77.31) | 74.24 (71.38‐76.90) |
| Non‐Hispanic black | 9.70 (8.18‐11.46) | 10.60 (8.63‐12.95) | 9.55 (8.08‐11.26) |
| Mexican American | 7.04 (5.76‐8.59) | 5.95 (4.48‐7.85) | 7.22 (5.94‐8.75) |
| Other Hispanic | 4.76 (3.38‐6.71) | 4.95 (3.38‐7.20) | 4.75 (3.35‐6.69) |
| Others | 4.26 (3.66‐4.96) | 4.36 (3.17‐5.97) | 4.24 (3.62‐4.97) |
| Educational level (%) | |||
| <high school | 17.41 (16.14‐18.76) | 27.42 (24.96‐30.02) | 15.80 (14.58‐17.10) |
| =high school | 25.46 (24.23‐26.74) | 25.39 (23.01‐27.93) | 25.48 (24.09‐26.91) |
| >high school | 57.12 (55.11‐59.11) | 47.19 (44.00‐50.40) | 58.73 (56.69‐60.73) |
| PIR | 3.10 (3.01‐3.19) | 2.74 (2.61‐2.87) | 3.16 (3.08‐3.24) |
| Ever drinking (%) | 75.53 (73.03‐77.87) | 65.50 (62.02‐68.8) | 77.15 (74.62‐79.50) |
| Drinking frequency (per week) | 4.17 (3.58‐4.76) | 3.54 (2.01‐5.08) | 4.27 (3.72‐4.82) |
| Ever smoking (%) | 50.83 (49.16‐52.51) | 53.28 (50.89‐55.66) | 50.44 (48.64‐52.23) |
| Current smoking (%) | 24.98 (23.61‐26.40) | 19.90 (17.80‐22.18) | 25.80 (24.27‐27.38) |
| Physical activity (%) | |||
| Low | 23.44 (22.33‐24.58) | 28.63 (26.11‐31.29) | 22.60 (21.45‐23.80) |
| Moderate | 50.46 (49.35‐51.56) | 53.19 (50.45‐55.91) | 50.02 (48.82‐51.21) |
| High | 26.11 (24.80‐27.46) | 18.18 (16.47‐20.03) | 27.39 (26.01‐28.81) |
| Height (cm) | 169.39 (169.17‐169.62) | 166.78 (166.28‐167.28) | 169.82 (169.59‐170.04) |
| Weight (kg) | 80.87 (80.25‐81.49) | 80.94 (79.58‐82.30) | 80.86 (80.24‐81.48) |
| WC (cm) | 96.67 (96.11‐97.23) | 100.47 (99.36‐101.58) | 96.06 (95.50‐96.62) |
| BMI (kg/m*2) | 28.10 (27.89‐28.31) | 28.93 (28.51‐29.35) | 27.97 (27.76‐28.18) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.28 (5.24‐5.32) | 6.09 (5.96‐6.21) | 5.15 (5.11‐5.19) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.22 (5.18‐5.24) | 5.33 (5.26‐5.40) | 5.21 (5.18‐5.24) |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.37 (1.36‐1.38) | 1.36 (1.33‐1.38) | 1.37 (1.36‐1.38) |
| Serum folate (nmol/L) | 32.60 (31.80‐33.40) | 38.98 (36.62‐41.34) | 31.57 (30.76‐32.38) |
| Vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 392.40 (374.43‐410.36) | 415.62 (391.64‐439.60) | 388.66 (368.04‐409.30) |
| Scr (mg/dL) | 0.89 (0.89‐0.90) | 1.09 (1.06‐1.11) | 0.86 (0.86‐0.87) |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m*2) | 94.06 (93.21‐94.90) | 74.26 (72.61‐75.91) | 97.25 (96.53‐97.96) |
| Urine Scr (mmol/L) | 11.33 (11.09‐11.56) | 10.38 (10.03‐10.73) | 11.48 (11.23‐11.73) |
| Urine albumin (mg/L) | 31.40 (27.04‐35.75) | 171.50 (141.62‐201.38) | 8.81 (8.55‐9.08) |
| UACR (mg/mmol) | 3.15 (2.66‐3.64) | 17.81 (14.49‐21.14) | 0.79 (0.77‐0.80) |
| Glucose‐lowering medication (%) | 4.46 (3.97‐5.00) | 13.13 (11.26‐15.27) | 3.06 (2.64‐3.55) |
| Insulin taking (%) | 1.55 (1.31‐1.83) | 5.91 (4.84‐7.19) | 0.85 (0.67‐1.08) |
| DM (%) | 7.65 (7.04‐8.30) | 22.87 (20.68‐25.22) | 5.19 (4.63‐5.83) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 122.72 (122.13‐123.30) | 134.35 (133.33‐135.38) | 120.84 (120.26‐121.42) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 71.53 (71.11‐71.94) | 70.29 (69.19‐71.39) | 71.73 (71.33‐72.13) |
| Anti‐hypertension therapy (%) | 21.54 (20.33‐22.81) | 46.66 (43.65‐49.70) | 17.49 (16.35‐18.70) |
| HTN (%) | 30.55 (29.11‐32.02) | 60.91 (58.15‐63.60) | 25.66 (24.26‐27.11) |
| Hcy (μmol/L) | 8.58 (8.49‐8.67) | 10.81 (10.44‐11.19) | 8.34 (8.24‐8.44) |
| HHcy (%) | 10.26 (9.48‐11.09) | 28.01 (25.08‐31.14) | 7.40 (6.70‐8.17) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HHcy, hyperhomocysteinemia; HTN, hypertension; PIR, poverty‐to‐income ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Scr, serum creatinine; TC, total cholesterol; UACR, urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio; WC, waist circumference.
Data are expressed as mean or frequency with 95% confidence intervals as appropriate.