Table 1.
Comparison of baseline clinical characteristics between non‐MS group and MS group
| Non‐MS group (N = 99) | MS group (N = 34) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male, % | 40 | 61 | .07 |
| Age, yr | 57 ± 11 | 56 ± 10 | .56 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 2.6 | 23.7 ± 2.3 | .11 |
| Smoking habit, % | 22 | 50 | <.01 |
| Alcohol habit, % | 53 | 82 | ＜.01 |
| Hypertension, % | 37 | 53 | .12 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 5 | 3 | .68 |
| Heart disease, % | 6 | 12 | .39 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, % | 28 | 42 | .20 |
| No. of antihypertensive drugs | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | .31 |
| CCB, % | 85 | 86 | 1.00 |
| ACEI/ARB, % | 42 | 50 | .89 |
| β‐Blocker, % | 4 | 14 | .66 |
| Diuretics, % | 4 | 14 | .66 |
| Siesta habit, % | 42 | 40 | .88 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 121.4 ± 25.7 | 117.4 ± 36.1 | .52 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 56.7 ± 13.7 | 60.7 ± 14.1 | .17 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 132.3 ± 69.6 | 132.6 ± 90.0 | .98 |
| Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL | 101.5 ± 26.0 | 97.9 ± 10.7 | .47 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 61.6 ± 15.1 | 64.5 ± 14.5 | .37 |
| baPWV, mm/sec | 1546.4 ± 347.0 | 1435.4 ± 238.2 | .12 |
| 24 h‐ | |||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 126.7 ± 16.3 | 126.9 ± 13.8 | .93 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 77.4 ± 8.3 | 79.2 ± 9.7 | .31 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 68.9 ± 6.5 | 70.4 ± 9.0.4 | .32 |
| Awake‐ | |||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 131.8 ± 15.3 | 134.6 ± 13.1 | .34 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 80.1 ± 8.5 | 84.2 ± 9.7 | .02 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 72.2 ± 6.8 | 72.8 ± 10.1 | .72 |
| Asleep‐ | |||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 116.1 ± 17.3 | 108.6 ± 12.6 | .02 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 69.6 ± 9.6 | 67.8 ± 8.1 | .32 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 63.3 ± 15.3 | 63.1 ± 10.4 | .94 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker; baPWV, brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MS, morning surge.