TABLE 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Sample at Visit 5 by H2FPEF Score
| Asymptomatic N=3749 | Unexplained Dyspnea, H2FPEF Score 1–2 N=150 | Unexplained Dyspnea, H2FPEF Score 3–4 N=264 | Unexplained Dyspnea, H2FPEF Score ≥5 N=227 | Known HFpEF N=502 | P-value across Unexplained Dyspnea Groups | Unexplained Dyspnea, H2FPEF Score ≥5 vs. Known HFpEF P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 75.1 ± 5.0 | 77.3 ± 5.2 | 76.8 ± 5.3 | 75.4 ± 5.0 | 76.6 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Women, n (%) | 2160 (57.6%) | 95 (63.3%) | 174 (65.9%) | 164 (72.2%) | 252 (50.2%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Black race, n (%) | 678 (18.1%) | 31 (20.7%) | 91 (34.5%) | 87 (38.3%) | 177 (35.3%) | < 0.001 | 0.42 |
| Physical Exam | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 130 ± 18 | 129 ± 16 | 132 ± 18 | 134 ± 20 | 131 ± 20 | 0.023 | 0.16 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 67 ± 10 | 65 ± 9 | 67 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 64 ± 11 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/minute) | 64 ± 11 | 66 ± 10 | 67 ± 12 | 66 ± 11 | 63 ± 11 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 4.8 | 26.0 ± 2.8 | 31.6 ± 7.2 | 35.9 ± 6.3 | 30.4 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 2709 (70.9%) | 93 (62.0%) | 222 (82.5%) | 220 (92.1%) | 427 (86.6%) | < 0.001 | 0.06 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1248 (32.4%) | 57 (37.5%) | 113 (41.7%) | 149 (62.1%) | 286 (57.1%) | < 0.001 | 0.23 |
| Coronary heart disease | 385 (10.2%) | 13 (8.8 %) | 37 (14.0%) | 31 (13.1%) | 225 (45.1%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 190 (5.0 %) | 13 (8.6 %) | 25 (9.3 %) | 9 (3.8 %) | 25 (5.0 %) | 0.01 | 0.39 |
| Paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation or flutter | 195 (5.1 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 2 (0.7 %) | 62 (25.8%) | 110 (22.0%) | < 0.001 | 0.22 |
| Medication Use | |||||||
| Number of anti-hypertensive medications | 1.3±1.2 | 0.7±0.7 | 1.7±1.2 | 2.5±1.1 | 2.5±1.3 | <0.001 | 0.46 |
| Aspirin (n, %) | 2494 (66.7%) | 101 (67.3%) | 189 (71.6%) | 169 (74.4%) | 378 (75.3%) | <0.001 | 0.81 |
| Statin (n, %) | 1817 (48.6%) | 69 (46.0%) | 144 (54.5%) | 139 (61.2%) | 327 (65.1%) | <0.001 | 0.31 |
| Anticoagulation (n, %) | 164 (4.4 %) | 4 (2.7 %) | 12 (4.5 %) | 36 (15.9%) | 85 (16.9%) | <0.001 | 0.72 |
| Glucose lowering medication (n, %) | 594 (15.9%) | 20 (13.3%) | 65 (24.6%) | 100 (44.1%) | 155 (30.9%) | <0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory Testing | |||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 13.2 ± 2.4 | 12.7 ± 1.4 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71 ± 16 | 71 ± 15 | 69 ± 18 | 66 ± 21 | 64 ± 20 | < 0.001 | 0.44 |
| High sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L)* | 1.79 [0.87 , 3.75] | 1.71 [0.78 , 3.63] | 2.24 [1.01 , 5.08] | 3.38 [1.79 , 6.83] | 2.55 [1.15 , 5.01] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (ng/L)* | 109 [60 , 212] | 124 [77 , 235] | 134 [75 , 270] | 183 [83 , 488] | 264 [143 , 599] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| High sensitivity cardiac troponin T (ng/L)* | 10 [7 , 14] | 10 [7 , 15] | 12 [8 , 18] | 13 [9 , 21] | 14 [9 , 23] | < 0.001 | 0.22 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 107 ± 34 | 110 ± 35 | 101 ± 34 | 97 ± 33 | 96 ± 38 | < 0.001 | 0.63 |
| Spirometry | |||||||
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 96 ± 21 | 87 ± 29 | 91 ± 25 | 85 ± 21 | 89 ± 30 | < 0.001 | 0.2 |
| FEV1/FVC | 98 ± 12 | 92 ± 23 | 96 ± 14 | 98 ± 15 | 96 ± 17 | < 0.001 | 0.33 |
| Electrocardiography and Echocardiography | |||||||
| QRS duration (ms) | 95 ± 19 | 95 ± 20 | 96 ± 21 | 98 ± 23 | 103 ± 26 | < 0.001 | 0.021 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter (cm) | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 0.19 |
| LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 80.5 ± 22.9 | 73.7 ± 19.1 | 78.0 ± 19.3 | 86.3 ± 22.9 | 90.1 ± 28.6 | < 0.001 | 0.09 |
| Mean LV wall thickness (cm) | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 1.01 ± 0.13 | 1.07 ± 0.16 | 1.05 ± 0.16 | < 0.001 | 0.09 |
| LV mass/height2.7(g/m2) | 36 ± 9 | 35 ± 8 | 40 ± 11 | 45 ± 12 | 43 ± 12 | < 0.001 | 0.08 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 66 ± 5 | 66 ± 6 | 66 ± 6 | 65 ± 5 | 64 ± 7 | < 0.001 | 0.017 |
| Average LV global longitudinal strain (%) | −18.2 ± 2.3 | −18.4 ± 2.2 | −17.8 ± 2.3 | −17.5 ± 3.0 | −16.9 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
| Left atrial volume (mL) | 47 ± 17 | 42 ± 13 | 48 ± 15 | 59 ± 19 | 58 ± 22 | < 0.001 | 0.52 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 25 ± 8 | 24 ± 7 | 26 ± 8 | 30 ± 10 | 31 ± 11 | < 0.001 | 0.30 |
| Tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity (cm/s) | 11.8 ± 2.8 | 12.1 ± 3.1 | 11.7 ± 3.3 | 11.4 ± 2.9 | 10.6 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (cm/s) | 2.35 ± 0.26 | 2.31 ± 0.23 | 2.42 ± 0.27 | 2.53 ± 0.36 | 2.49 ± 0.37 | < 0.001 | 0.30 |
| E wave deceleration (ms) | 206 ± 45 | 206 ± 47 | 209 ± 48 | 202 ± 47 | 207 ± 54 | 0.49 | 0.23 |
| E-a ratio | 0.86 ± 0.27 | 0.79 ± 0.23 | 0.80 ± 0.23 | 0.88 ± 0.35 | 0.90 ± 0.39 | < 0.001 | 0.49 |
| Septal e’ velocity (cm/s) | 5.79 ± 1.45 | 5.65 ± 1.49 | 5.40 ± 1.29 | 5.54 ± 1.50 | 5.39 ± 1.52 | < 0.001 | 0.21 |
| Septal E/e’ ratio | 11.9 ± 3.8 | 11.6 ± 4.1 | 12.6 ± 4.6 | 14.3 ± 4.9 | 14.6 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 | 0.65 |
HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; LV, left ventricular.
*
Presented as median [25th–75th percentile]