Table 2.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Sample at Visit 5 by ESC HFA-PEFF Score
| Asymptomatic N=3749 | Unexplained Dyspnea, HFA PEFF Score 0–2 N=117 | Unexplained Dyspnea, HFA PEFF Score 3 N=214 | Unexplained Dyspnea, HFA PEFF Score 4–6 N=310 | Known HFpEF N=502 | P-value across Unexplained Dyspnea Groups | Unexplained Dyspnea, HFA-PEFF Score ≥4 vs. Known HFpEF P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 75.1 ± 5.0 | 75.3 ± 4.7 | 75.6 ± 5.1 | 77.4 ± 5.3 | 76.6 ± 5.5 | < 0.001 | 0.05 |
| Women, n (%) | 2160 (57.6%) | 79 (67.5%) | 143 (66.8%) | 211 (68.1%) | 252 (50.2%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Black race, n (%) | 678 (18.1%) | 47 (40.2%) | 91 (42.5%) | 71 (22.9%) | 177 (35.3%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Physical Exam | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 130 ± 18 | 129 ± 16 | 131 ± 19 | 133 ± 19 | 131 ± 20 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 67 ± 10 | 67 ± 10 | 68 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | 64 ± 11 | < 0.001 | 0.013 |
| Heart rate (beats/minute) | 64 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 69 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 63 ± 11 | < 0.001 | 0.28 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 4.8 | 31.8 ± 7.0 | 32.7 ± 7.4 | 31.2 ± 6.9 | 30.4 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 | 0.11 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 2630 (70.6%) | 88 (75.2%) | 172 (81.5%) | 254 (82.5%) | 426 (86.2%) | < 0.001 | 0.15 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1226 (32.7%) | 56 (47.9%) | 109 (50.9%) | 141 (45.5%) | 286 (57.0%) | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 376 (10.2%) | 9 (7.8 %) | 21 (10.1%) | 49 (16.1%) | 223 (44.7%) | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 186 (5.0 %) | 6 (5.1 %) | 16 (7.5 %) | 23 (7.5 %) | 25 (5.0 %) | 0.22 | 0.15 |
| Paroxysmal or permanent atrial fibrillation or flutter | 191 (5.1 %) | 10 (8.5 %) | 20 (9.3 %) | 32 (10.3%) | 112 (22.3%) | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Medication Use | |||||||
| Number of anti-hypertensive medications | 1.3±1.2 | 1.6±1.3 | 1.6±1.2 | 1.9±1.3 | 2.5±1.3 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Aspirin (n, %) | 2494 (66.7%) | 78 (66.7%) | 149 (69.6%) | 232 (74.8%) | 378 (75.3%) | < 0.001 | 0.88 |
| Statin (n, %) | 1817 (48.6%) | 68 (58.1%) | 115 (53.7%) | 169 (54.5%) | 327 (65.1%) | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Anticoagulation (n, %) | 164 (4.4 %) | 9 (7.7 %) | 14 (6.5 %) | 29 (9.4 %) | 85 (16.9%) | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Glucose lowering medication (n, %) | 594 (15.9%) | 33 (28.2%) | 67 (31.3%) | 85 (27.4%) | 155 (30.9%) | < 0.001 | 0.29 |
| Laboratory Testing | |||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 13.1 ± 1.3 | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 12.8 ± 1.3 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 0.026 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 0.55 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71 ± 16 | 75 ± 18 | 71 ± 17 | 64 ± 18 | 64 ± 20 | < 0.001 | 0.9 |
| High sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L)* | 1.79 [0.87 , 3.75] | 2.21 [1.06 , 4.94] | 2.50 [1.12 , 5.78] | 2.50 [1.10 , 5.34] | 2.55 [1.15 , 5.01] | < 0.001 | 0.94 |
| N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (ng/L)* | 109 [60 , 212] | 76 [50 , 101] | 86 [41 , 129] | 285 [183 , 538] | 264 [143 , 599] | < 0.001 | 0.035 |
| High sensitivity cardiac troponin T (ng/L)* | 10 [7 , 14] | 10 [7 , 15] | 11 [8 , 17] | 13 [9 , 21] | 14 [9 , 23] | < 0.001 | 0.19 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 107 ± 34 | 102 ± 34 | 105 ± 35 | 99 ± 34 | 96 ± 38 | < 0.001 | 0.17 |
| Spirometry | |||||||
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 96 ± 21 | 90 ± 26 | 89 ± 24 | 87 ± 25 | 89 ± 30 | < 0.001 | 0.47 |
| FEV1/FVC | 98 ± 12 | 96 ± 17 | 98 ± 15 | 95 ± 18 | 96 ± 17 | 0.001 | 0.29 |
| Electrocardiography and Echocardiography | |||||||
| QRS duration (ms) | 95 ± 19 | 96 ± 21 | 95 ± 21 | 97 ± 22 | 103 ± 26 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter (cm) | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 80.5 ± 22.9 | 77.8 ± 19.8 | 78.7 ± 20.3 | 81.4 ± 22.1 | 90.1 ± 28.6 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Mean LV wall thickness (cm) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.77 |
| LV mass/height2.7(g/m2) | 36 ± 9 | 37 ± 8 | 40 ± 10 | 43 ± 13 | 43 ± 12 | < 0.001 | 0.48 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 66 ± 5 | 65 ± 7 | 66 ± 5 | 66 ± 6 | 64 ± 7 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Average LV global longitudinal strain (%) | −18.2 ± 2.3 | −18.0 ± 2.2 | −17.8 ± 2.4 | −17.8 ± 2.8 | −16.9 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial volume (mL) | 47 ± 17 | 42 ± 10 | 45 ± 13 | 57 ± 20 | 58 ± 22 | < 0.001 | 0.58 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 25 ± 8 | 22 ± 4 | 23 ± 6 | 30 ± 10 | 31 ± 11 | < 0.001 | 0.86 |
| Tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity (cm/s) | 11.8 ± 2.8 | 11.8 ± 2.8 | 11.7 ± 3.1 | 11.7 ± 3.2 | 10.6 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (cm/s) | 2.35 ± 0.26 | 2.37 ± 0.30 | 2.36 ± 0.28 | 2.49 ± 0.31 | 2.49 ± 0.37 | < 0.001 | 0.93 |
| E wave deceleration (ms) | 206 ± 45 | 202 ± 48 | 208 ± 44 | 206 ± 50 | 207 ± 54 | 0.82 | 0.88 |
| E-a ratio | 0.86 ± 0.27 | 0.81 ± 0.22 | 0.76 ± 0.19 | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 0.90 ± 0.39 | < 0.001 | 0.29 |
| Septal e’ velocity (cm/s) | 5.79 ± 1.45 | 5.66 ± 1.36 | 5.45 ± 1.46 | 5.49 ± 1.41 | 5.39 ± 1.52 | < 0.001 | 0.34 |
| Septal E/e’ ratio | 11.9 ± 3.8 | 11.8 ± 3.1 | 12.5 ± 4.1 | 13.8 ± 5.4 | 14.6 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 | 0.07 |
ESC, European Society of Cardiology; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; LV, left ventricular.
*
Presented as median [25th–75th percentile]