TABLE 2.
Associations of the dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores with all-cause, all-cancer, and all-cardiovascular disease mortality risk in the Iowa Women's Health Study (n = 33,155), 1986–2012
| Inflammation scores | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary1 | Lifestyle2 | |||||
| Mortality type/score variable form | Minimally adjusted model3 | Fully adjusted model4 | Minimally adjusted model3 | Fully adjusted model5 | ||
| Case count | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | Case count | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| All causes | ||||||
| Continuous | — | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | — | 1.14 (1.13–1.15) | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) |
| Quintiles | ||||||
| 1 | 3298 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 2921 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 3370 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 3489 | 1.14 (1.09–1.20) | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) |
| 3 | 3444 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 3021 | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) | 1.29 (1.23–1.36) |
| 4 | 3579 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 3785 | 1.29 (1.22–1.35) | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) |
| 5 | 3740 | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) | 4215 | 1.79 (1.70–1.87) | 1.60 (1.53–1.68) |
| Ptrend | — | <0.01 | <0.01 | — | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| Continuous | — | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | — | 1.11 (1.09–1.14) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) |
| Quintiles | ||||||
| 1 | 846 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 764 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 850 | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 839 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.03 (1.94–1.14) |
| 3 | 822 | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 804 | 1.33 (1.21–1.48) | 1.31 (1.19–1.45) |
| 4 | 921 | 1.12 (1.02–1.22) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 944 | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | 1.18 (1.07–1.29) |
| 5 | 940 | 1.18 (1.07–1.29) | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 1028 | 1.58 (1.44–1.74) | 1.51 (1.38–1.66) |
| Ptrend | — | <0.01 | 0.09 | — | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| CVD | ||||||
| Continuous | — | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | — | 1.18 (1.16–1.20) | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) |
| Quintiles | ||||||
| 1 | 1265 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1038 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 1269 | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 1292 | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) |
| 3 | 1314 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1046 | 1.31 (1.21–1.43) | 1.25 (1.15–1.36) |
| 4 | 1316 | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1469 | 1.40 (1.30–1.52) | 1.30 (1.20–1.40) |
| 5 | 1410 | 1.20 (1.11–1.29) | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) | 1729 | 2.07 (1.92–2.24) | 1.79 (1.66–1.94) |
| Ptrend | — | <0.01 | <0.01 | — | <0.01 | <0.01 |
HRs and 95% CIs are from Cox proportional hazards models. Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; DIS, dietary inflammation score; LIS, lifestyle inflammation score; ref, reference.
For score construction, see text and Supplemental Table 1; a higher score indicates a more pro-inflammatory diet.
Includes smoking, physical activity, alcohol use, and BMI; for score construction, see text; a higher score indicates a more pro-inflammatory lifestyle.
Covariates included age (years; continuous) and total energy intake (kcal/d; continuous).
Covariates for DIS model included age (years; continuous), total energy intake (kcal/d; continuous); education (<high school, high school, >high school and <college, or ≥college), marital status (yes/no), smoking (pack-years), alcohol use (drinks/week; continuous), comorbidity score (includes sum of yes/no for diabetes, heart disease, and cirrhosis), hormone replacement therapy use (current, past, never), physical activity (low, medium, high), and BMI [weight (kg)/height (m)2; continuous].
Covariates for LIS model included age (years; continuous), total energy intake (kcal/d; continuous), education (<high school, high school, >high school and <college, or ≥college), marital status (yes/no), comorbidity score (includes sum of yes/no for diabetes, heart disease, or cirrhosis), hormone replacement therapy use (current, past, never use), former smoker (yes/no), and unweighted DIS.