TABLE 1.
Participant descriptive statistics for the current analysis of Hispanic mother-infant pairs at each time point
| 1 month | 6 months | 12 months | 18 months | 24 months | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 207 | n = 119 | n = 83 | n = 59 | n = 28 | P value | |
| Mother | ||||||
| Pre-pregnancy maternal BMI, kg/m2 | 28.2 (23.9–31.9) | 27.8 (24.3–31.1) | 27.3 (23.4–31.0) | 27.3 (22.2–30.9) | 27.4 (23.1–31.3) | 0.53 |
| Maternal BMI at 1 month postpartum, kg/m2 | 29.7 (26.8–33.1) | 29.9 (26.5–33.7) | 28.7 (25.1–32.8) | 29.1 (25.0–33.1) | 29.5 (26.6–33.4) | 0.33 |
| Maternal age at delivery, years | 28.5 (24.2–34.0) | 28.0 (25.0–34.0) | 28.0 (25.0–33.5) | 28.0 (24.5–35.0) | 31.5 (25.0–36.2) | 0.81 |
| Hollingshead index of socioeconomic status | 25.0 (18.0–33.0) | 25.0 (18.5–33.0) | 25.5 (18.2–33.0) | 27.0 (15.8–33.0) | 23.5 (15.0–33.0) | 0.99 |
| Nonsecretors, n (%) | 24 (11.6%) | 15 (12.6%) | 7 (8.4%) | 5 (8.5%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.85 |
| Infant/child | ||||||
| Infant birthweight, kg | 3.37 (3.13–3.66) | 3.35 (3.12–3.66) | 3.32 (3.15–3.63) | 3.35 (3.18–3.66) | 3.23 (3.13–3.43) | 0.8 |
| Female infant, n (%) | 112 (54.1) | 65 (54.6) | 47 (56.6) | 30 (50.8) | 15 (53.6) | 0.98 |
| Breastfeedings per day | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 5.0 (1.0–10.0) | 4.0 (0.0–7.0) | 4.0 (0.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–6.0) | <0.0001 |
| Child weight, kg | 4.60 (4.20–4.90) | 7.90 (7.50–8.50) | 9.60 (9.10–10.40) | 11.20 (10.50–11.95) | 12.30 (11.55–12.80) | <0.0001 |
| Child length/height, cm | 54.5 (53.3–55.8) | 67.3 (66.0–68.5) | 75.5 (73.5–77.0) | 81.0 (78.5–83.2) | 85.9 (83.9–87.6) | <0.0001 |
| Child weight-for-age z-score | 0.33 (−0.19 to 0.79) | 0.38 (−0.20 to 0.95) | 0.32 (−0.29 to 0.93) | 0.40 (−0.06 to 1.00) | 0.27 (−0.27 to 0.76) | 0.63 |
| Child weight-for-length z-score | 0.44 (−0.28 to 1.31) | 0.44 (−0.02 to 0.95) | 0.36 (−0.40 to 1.00) | 0.68 (0.04–1.30) | 0.42 (0.12–1.63) | 0.22 |
| Child length-for-age z-score | −0.01 (−0.61 to 0.56) | 0.20 (−0.62 to 0.79) | 0.37 (−0.43 to 0.85) | −0.28 (−1.12 to 0.69) | −0.27 (−1.18 to 0.34) | 0.084 |
| Child BMI z-score | 0.41 (−0.16 to 1.09) | 0.35 (−0.12 to 0.84) | 0.23 (−0.31 to 1.09) | 0.82 (0.25–1.50) | 0.56 (0.19–1.63) | 0.015 |
| Child BMI percentile | 66.0 (43.5–86.0) | 64.0 (45.0–80.0) | 59.0 (38.0–86.5) | 79.0 (60.0–93.0) | 71.0 (58.0–94.5) | 0.018 |
| Child BMI category1 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.2 |
| Underweight | 7 (3.4) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Normal | 142 (68.6) | 89 (74.8) | 60 (72.3) | 35 (59.3) | 16 (57.1) | |
| Overweight | 32 (15.5) | 14 (11.8) | 16 (19.3) | 12 (20.3) | 5 (17.9) | |
| Obese | 26 (12.6) | 13 (10.9) | 6 (7.2) | 12 (20.3) | 7 (25.0) | |
Note that this is an ongoing prospective longitudinal cohort study, whereby each time point represents individuals from earlier time points that have reached and completed that time point. P values represent a 1-way ANOVA testing the effect of time. Data are shown as either median (IQR) or frequency (%)
1
Underweight was classified as a BMI percentile <5; normal weight as a BMI percentile <85; overweight as a BMI percentile <95; and obese as a BMI percentile 95–100.