Table 3.

Effect of bacterial culture, enzyme, and yeast additives on ruminal fermentation parameters in a dual-flow continuous culture system

	Treatmenta					P-valueb
Item	CTRL	EB	EBY	2X	SEM	ADD	YEAST	2X
pH	6.15	6.11	6.16	6.17	0.05	0.94	0.31	0.84
Redox, mV	37.28	37.83	34.33	34.33	6.95	0.56	0.27	0.88
Total VFA, mM	101.99	107.70	103.00	104.58	9.43	0.30	0.23	0.67
VFA, % of total VFA
Acetate	53.91	53.45	52.92	54.54	1.42	0.72	0.74	0.11
Propionate	25.03	23.28	24.49	23.38	3.43	0.07	0.38	0.20
Butyrate	15.25	17.54	16.85	16.12	1.28	0.03	0.15	0.39
Isobutyrate	0.67	0.66	0.71	0.69	0.06	0.58	0.25	0.62
Valerate	2.25	2.27	2.28	2.28	0.10	0.75	0.88	0.99
Isovalerate	2.03	2.10	2.07	2.15	0.09	0.44	0.95	0.50
Caproate	0.86	0.69	0.68	0.85	0.11	0.31	0.52	0.21
Acetate:propionate	2.23	2.33	2.24	2.36	0.21	0.24	0.76	0.17
Lactate, mM	0.27	0.29	0.26	0.27	0.02	0.61	0.17	0.42

^aCTRL: no additives; EB: addition of enzymes and bacteria; EBY: addition of enzymes, bacteria and yeast; 2X-EBY: addition of enzymes, bacteria and yeast at double the EBY dosage.

^bOrthogonal contrasts: ADD—CTRL vs. EB, EBY and 2X; YEAST—EB vs. EBY and 2X; and DOSE—EBY vs. 2X.