Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants (n=403)
| Black Men (n=91) | White Men (n=80) | P Value | Black Women (n=107) | White Women (n=125) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 24.5±3.01 | 25.6±2.90 | .014 | 24.5±3.41 | 25.5±2.85 | .015 |
| Anthropometric variables | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m² | 21.9±3.40 | 28.0±5.64 | .001 | 26.6±5.81 | 24.6±5.42 | .008 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 74.5±8.81 | 91.5±14.1 | .001 | 79.6±11.9 | 76.1±12.6 | .031 |
| Cardiovascular variables | ||||||
| bSBP, mm Hg | 125.8±11.6 | 124.9±8.42 | .59 | 116.4±10.4 | 109.7±10.4 | <.001 |
| bDBP, mm Hg | 82.5±8.82 | 79.9±6.67 | .044 | 79.1±7.60 | 74.4±7.27 | <.001 |
| bMAP, mm Hg | 96.9±9.13 | 95.0±6.50 | .12 | 91.5±7.95 | 86.2±7.89 | .001 |
| 24‐H SBP, mm Hg | 121.1±9.12 | 124.3±6.73 | .011 | 118.1±8.64 | 117.9±8.79 | .87 |
| 24‐H DBP, mm Hg | 71.7±6.90 | 70.7±6.12 | .98 | 69±5.66 | 68.2±5.71 | .93 |
| cSBP, mm Hg | 114.6±10.2 | 110.5±8.55 | .006 | 108.6±8.09 | 103.4±8.75 | <.001 |
| cPP, mm Hg | 36.1±5.40 | 37.7±5.58 | .066 | 31.8±5.17 | 32.5±4.21 | .24 |
| bPP, mm Hg | 43.3±7.71 | 44.9±7.09 | .16 | 37.9±7.25 | 35.3±6.43 | .027 |
| cfPWV, ms−1 a | 6.85±0.74 | 6.73±0.75 | .34 | 6.04±0.78 | 6.09±0.78 | .54 |
| cIMT, mma | 0.48±0.05 | 0.48±0.05 | .81 | 0.45±0.04 | 0.46±0.04 | .09 |
| Biochemical variables | ||||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.89 (3.70;4.07) | 4.73 (4.49;4.98) | <.001 | 3.83 (3.67;3.99) | 4.73 (4.56;4.90) | <.001 |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.34±0.35 | 1.12±0.26 | <.001 | 1.21±0.32 | 1.61±0.40 | <.001 |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.36±0.83 | 3.30±1.04 | <.001 | 2.50±0.81 | 2.90±0.83 | .001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.94 (0.82;1.06) | 1.21 (1.07;1.34) | .001 | 0.77 (0.71;0.82) | 1.03 (0.91;1.14) | <.001 |
| ROS, units | 155.7±45.91 | 139.6±40.70 | .035 | 228.2±70.63 | 206.2±101.4 | .003 |
| hs‐CRP, mg/L | 1.61 (0.79;2.44) | 2.36 (1.20;3.52) | .091 | 3.84 (2.96;4.72) | 3.18 (2.12;4.25) | .001 |
| MCP‐1, pg/mL | 190 (181;200) | 154 (145;163) | <.001 | 169 (160;178) | 136 (127;145) | <.001 |
| Interleukin 6, pg/mL | 1.02 (0.78;1.27) | 0.98 (0.78;1.17) | .85 | 1.45 (1.20;1.70) | 0.95 (0.76;1.15) | <.001 |
| TNF‐α, pg/mL | 1.86 (1.63;2.10) | 1.91 (1.80;2.03) | .071 | 1.94 (1.58;2.29) | 1.81 (1.67;1.95) | .57 |
| sICAM‐1, ng/mL | 140.0±72.84 | 187.0±62.9 | <.001 | 152.03±82.32 | 181.0±56.7 | .002 |
| sVCAM‐1, ng/mL | 543.96±124.27 | 552.07±146.53 | .70 | 536.73±143.15 | 599.15±185.13 | .005 |
| Serum creatinine, umol/L | 73.7±13.2 | 88.2±11.3 | <.001 | 58.1±10.2 | 66.9±9.89 | <.001 |
| Serum albumin, g/L | 46.9±3.92 | 48.8±2.87 | <.001 | 44.7±3.79 | 46.2±3.10 | .003 |
| Urea, mmol/L | 3.94±1.10 | 5.29±1.13 | <.001 | 3.35±0.95 | 4.38±1.21 | <.001 |
| GGT, U/L | 38.0±38.3 | 30.3±27.2 | .14 | 28.10±22.86 | 16.6±12.7 | .001 |
| Cotinine, ng/mL | 1.14±1.16 | 0.63±0.97 | .002 | 0.36±0.73 | 0.31±0.68 | .85 |
| Self‐reported lifestyle variables | ||||||
| Regular physical activity, No. (%) | 45/91 (49.5) | 33/80 (41.3) | .56 | 32/107 (29.9) | 48/125 (38.4) | .326 |
| Current smoking, No. (%) | 51/91 (56.0) | 19/80 (23.8) | .001 | 12/107 (11.2) | 13/125 (10.4) | .84 |
| Current drinking, No. (%) | 68/91 (74.7) | 58/80 (72.5) | .74 | 55/107 (51.4) | 78/125 (62.4) | .091 |
Abbreviations: bDBP, brachial diastolic blood pressure; bMAP, brachial mean arterial pressure; bPP, brachial pulse pressure; bSBP, brachial systolic blood pressure; cfPWV, carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity; cIMT, carotid intima media thickness; cPP, central pulse pressure; GGT, gamma‐glutamyl tranferase; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; ICAM‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α; VCAM‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1. Data are expressed as arithmetic mean±standard deviation or geometric mean with 95% percentile intervals, for logarithmically transformed data, or number (percentage).
Adjusted for mean arterial pressure.