Table 1.
Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants (N=660) by MMSE Score
| Variables | MMSE <24 | MMSE ≥24 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n=362 | n=298 | ||
| Age y | 75.7±7.8 | 71.1±7.4 | <.001 |
| Male sex | 131 (36.2) | 155 (52.0) | <.001 |
| Education, y | |||
| <6 | 271 (74.9) | 134 (45.0) | <.001 |
| 6–8 | 83 (22.9) | 127 (42.6) | |
| ≥9 | 8 (2.2) | 37 (12.4) | |
| Suboptimal social activity | 148 (40.9) | 75 (25.2) | <.001 |
| Poor family support | 56 (15.5) | 32 (10.7) | .08 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.4±5.0 | 30.3±5.3 | .72 |
| Alcohol intake, glasses per d | |||
| 0 | 140 (38.7) | 80 (26.9) | .002 |
| ≤1 (women), ≤2 (men) | 183 (50.6) | 167 (56.0) | |
| >1 (women), >2 (men) | 39 (10.8) | 51 (17.1) | |
| Ever smoking | 85 (23.5) | 114 (38.3) | <.001 |
| Depression (GDS ≤6) | 209 (57.7) | 120 (40.3) | <.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 121 (33.4) | 103 (34.6) | .76 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 214.1±48.1 | 214.5±38.4 | .91 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 133.0±37.7 | 128.8±31.5 | .28 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 54.5±11.8 | 54.5±11.3 | .98 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 71 (19.6) | 41 (13.8) | .05 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 101 (27.9) | 74 (24.8) | .37 |
| History of CAD | 75 (20.7) | 50 (19.8) | .77 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease | 35 (9.7) | 21 (7.1) | .23 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 260 (71.8) | 192 (64.4) | .04 |
| Diuretics | 85 (23.5) | 53 (17.8) | .07 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 78 (21.6) | 39 (13.1) | .005 |
| β‐Blockers | 54 (14.9) | 67 (22.5) | .01 |
| ACEIs/ARBs | 162 (44.8) | 128 (43.0) | .64 |
| Other antihypertensive drugs | 20 (5.5) | 14 (4.7) | .63 |
| Glucose‐lowering drugs | 55 (15.2) | 34 (11.4) | .15 |
| Lipid‐lowering drugs | 61 (16.9) | 63 (21.1) | .16 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 148.3±22.2 | 145.3±22.4 | .09 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 81.1±13.0 | 81.8±12.0 | .48 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 103.5±14.1 | 103.0±13.9 | .64 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 67.2±18.5 | 63.6±17.8 | .01 |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: ACEIs, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination.