Table 2.
Baseline maternal characteristics for pregnancies exposed to beta‐blockers
| Non‐exposed (n=374 391) | Any beta‐blockers (n=4847) | P‐valuea | Beta‐blocker | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atenolol (n = 638) | Labetalol (n = 3357) | Metoprolol (n = 324) | Propranolol (n = 489) | P‐valueb | ||||
| Age (years) | 29.7 ± 5.9 | 33.1 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | 34.1 ± 5.6 | 33.3 ± 5.6 | 32.3 ± 5.6 | 30.7 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 92 030 (24.6%) | 1302 (26.9%) | <0.001 | 152 (23.8%) | 829 (24.7%) | 121 (37.4%) | 188 (38.4%) | <0.001 |
| Black | 31 910 (8.5%) | 784 (16.2%) | 103 (16.2%) | 573 (17.1%) | 44 (13.6%) | 56 (11.5%) | ||
| Hispanic | 194 660 (52.0%) | 2007 (41.4%) | 286 (44.8%) | 1411 (42.0%) | 112 (34.6%) | 186 (38.0%) | ||
| Asian | 46 266 (12.4%) | 606 (12.5%) | 78 (12.2%) | 442 (13.2%) | 38 (11.7%) | 41 (8.4%) | ||
| Other | 9525 (2.5%) | 148 (3.1%) | 19 (3.0%) | 102 (3.0%) | 9 (2.7%) | 18 (3.7%) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 6.1 | 31.6 ± 8.0 | <0.001 | 32.0 ± 8.2 | 32.2 ± 8.0 | 28.4 ± 7.3 | 28.1 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| HTN | 25 823 (6.9%) | 3698 (75.3%) | <0.001 | 513 (80.4%) | 2906 (86.6%) | 147 (45.4%) | 115 (23.5%) | <0.001 |
| HLD | 36 535 (9.8%) | 1362 (28.1%) | <0.001 | 232 (36.4%) | 979 (29.2%) | 66 (20.4%) | 74 (15.1%) | <0.001 |
| DM | 14 812 (4.0%) | 849 (17.5%) | <0.001 | 130 (20.4%) | 625 (18.6%) | 42 (13.0%) | 45 (9.2%) | <0.001 |
| CHF | 1066 (0.3%) | 144 (3.0%) | <0.001 | 25 (3.9%) | 64 (1.9%) | 29 (9.0%) | 9 (1.8%) | <0.001 |
| Arrhythmia | 16 022 (4.3%) | 989 (19.4%) | <0.001 | 163 (25.6%) | 392 (11.7%) | 197 (60.8%) | 165 (33.8%) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 1866 (0.5%) | 246 (5.1%) | <0.001 | 40 (6.3%) | 175 (5.2%) | 19 (5.9%) | 10 (2.0%) | 0.008 |
| Gravida | ||||||||
| 1 | 110 836 (29.6%) | 1104 (22.8%) | <0.001 | 137 (21.5%) | 783 (23.3%) | 69 (21.3%) | 102 (20.9%) | 0.53 |
| 2 | 105 243 (28.1%) | 1223 (25.2%) | 138 (21.6%) | 845 (25.2%) | 102 (31.5%) | 129 (26.4%) | ||
| >3 | 158 312 (42.3%) | 2520 (52.0%) | 363 (56.9%) | 1729 (51.5%) | 153 (47.2%) | 258 (52.8%) | ||
Values are n (%), or mean ± SD.
BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; HLD, hyperlipidemia; DM, diabetes; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
a
Non‐exposed group vs patients exposed to any beta‐blockers. Student’s t tests for continuous variables, Fisher’s exact for categorical variables
b
Atenolol vs. labetalol vs metoprolol vs propranolol. ANOVA for continuous variables, chi‐squared for categorical variables.